<s>
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
concept	O
describing	O
a	O
widespread	O
interconnected	O
digital	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
online	B-Application
world	I-Application
as	O
a	O
world	O
'	O
apart	O
 '	O
,	O
as	O
distinct	O
from	O
everyday	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
people	O
can	O
hide	O
behind	O
fake	O
identities	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
famous	O
The	O
New	O
Yorker	O
cartoon.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Delfanti	O
,	O
Arvidsson	O
,	O
150	O
)	O
The	O
term	O
entered	O
popular	O
culture	O
from	O
science	O
fiction	O
and	O
the	O
arts	O
but	O
is	O
now	O
used	O
by	O
technology	O
strategists	O
,	O
security	O
professionals	O
,	O
governments	O
,	O
military	O
and	O
industry	O
leaders	O
and	O
entrepreneurs	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
the	O
global	O
technology	O
environment	O
,	O
commonly	O
defined	O
as	O
standing	O
for	O
the	O
global	O
network	O
of	O
interdependent	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
infrastructures	O
,	O
telecommunications	O
networks	O
and	O
computer	O
processing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
consider	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
just	O
a	O
notional	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
communication	O
over	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
occurs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
became	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
when	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
networking	O
,	O
and	O
digital	O
communication	O
were	O
all	O
growing	O
dramatically	O
;	O
the	O
term	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
was	O
able	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
many	O
new	O
ideas	O
and	O
phenomena	O
that	O
were	O
emerging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
cybernauts	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
has	O
become	O
a	O
conventional	O
means	O
to	O
describe	O
anything	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
the	O
diverse	O
Internet	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
United	O
States	O
government	O
recognizes	O
the	O
interconnected	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
interdependent	O
network	O
of	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
infrastructures	O
operating	O
across	O
this	O
medium	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
national	O
critical	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amongst	O
individuals	O
on	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
is	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
code	O
of	O
shared	O
rules	O
and	O
ethics	O
mutually	O
beneficial	O
for	O
all	O
to	O
follow	O
,	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
cyberethics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Chip	O
Morningstar	O
and	O
F	O
.	O
Randall	O
Farmer	O
,	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
defined	O
more	O
by	O
the	O
social	O
interactions	O
involved	O
rather	O
than	O
its	O
technical	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
view	O
,	O
the	O
computational	O
medium	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
augmentation	O
of	O
the	O
communication	O
channel	O
between	O
real	O
people	O
;	O
the	O
core	O
characteristic	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
it	O
offers	O
an	O
environment	O
that	O
consists	O
of	O
many	O
participants	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
affect	O
and	O
influence	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
derive	O
this	O
concept	O
from	O
the	O
observation	O
that	O
people	O
seek	O
richness	O
,	O
complexity	O
,	O
and	O
depth	O
within	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
visual	O
arts	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
when	O
Danish	O
artist	O
Susanne	O
Ussing	O
(	O
1940-1998	O
)	O
and	O
her	O
partner	O
architect	O
Carsten	O
Hoff	O
(	O
b	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1934	O
)	O
constituted	O
themselves	O
as	O
Atelier	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atelier	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
worked	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
when	O
the	O
Internet	O
did	O
not	O
exist	O
and	O
computers	O
were	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
off-limit	O
to	O
artists	O
and	O
creative	O
engagement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2015-interview	O
with	O
Scandinavian	O
art	O
magazine	O
Kunstkritikk	O
,	O
Carsten	O
Hoff	O
recollects	O
,	O
that	O
although	O
Atelier	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
did	O
try	O
to	O
implement	O
computers	O
,	O
they	O
had	O
no	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
space	I-Application
as	O
such	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
works	O
of	O
Atelier	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
were	O
originally	O
shown	O
at	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
Copenhagen	O
venues	O
and	O
have	O
later	O
been	O
exhibited	O
at	O
The	O
National	O
Gallery	O
of	O
Denmark	O
in	O
Copenhagen	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
exhibition	O
"	O
What	O
's	O
Happening	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
fiction	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
in	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
cyberpunk	O
science	O
fiction	O
author	O
William	O
Gibson	O
,	O
first	O
in	O
his	O
1982	O
short	O
story	O
"	O
Burning	O
Chrome	O
"	O
and	O
later	O
in	O
his	O
1984	O
novel	O
Neuromancer	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
next	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
became	O
prominently	O
identified	O
with	O
online	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
portion	O
of	O
Neuromancer	B-Device
cited	O
in	O
this	O
respect	O
is	O
usually	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Don	O
Slater	O
uses	O
a	O
metaphor	O
to	O
define	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
,	O
describing	O
the	O
"	O
sense	O
of	O
a	O
social	O
setting	O
that	O
exists	O
purely	O
within	O
a	O
space	O
of	O
representation	O
and	O
communication	O
...	O
it	O
exists	O
entirely	O
within	O
a	O
computer	O
space	O
,	O
distributed	O
across	O
increasingly	O
complex	O
and	O
fluid	O
networks.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
started	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
de	O
facto	O
synonym	O
for	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
academic	O
circles	O
and	O
activist	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
present-day	O
,	O
loose	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
no	O
longer	O
implies	O
or	O
suggests	O
immersion	B-Application
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
current	O
technology	O
allows	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
capabilities	O
(	O
sensors	O
,	O
signals	O
,	O
connections	O
,	O
transmissions	O
,	O
processors	O
,	O
and	O
controllers	O
)	O
sufficient	O
to	O
generate	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
interactive	O
experience	O
that	O
is	O
accessible	O
regardless	O
of	O
a	O
geographic	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
for	O
these	O
reasons	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
the	O
ultimate	O
tax	O
haven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Autodesk	O
,	O
an	O
American	O
multinational	O
corporation	O
that	O
focuses	O
on	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
design	O
software	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
design	O
system	O
called	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
several	O
definitions	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
found	O
both	O
in	O
scientific	O
literature	O
and	O
in	O
official	O
governmental	O
sources	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
fully	O
agreed	O
official	O
definition	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
F	O
.	O
D	O
.	O
Kramer	O
there	O
are	O
28	O
different	O
definitions	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Joint	O
Chiefs	O
of	O
Staff	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
define	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
as	O
one	O
of	O
five	O
interdependent	O
domains	O
,	O
the	O
remaining	O
four	O
being	O
land	O
,	O
air	O
,	O
maritime	O
,	O
and	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
objects	O
and	O
identities	O
that	O
exist	O
largely	O
within	O
the	O
communication	O
network	O
itself	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
a	O
website	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
might	O
be	O
metaphorically	O
said	O
to	O
"	O
exist	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
this	O
interpretation	O
,	O
events	O
taking	O
place	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
are	O
not	O
happening	O
in	O
the	O
locations	O
where	O
participants	O
or	O
servers	O
are	O
physically	O
located	O
,	O
but	O
"	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firstly	O
,	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
describes	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
digital	O
data	O
through	O
the	O
network	O
of	O
interconnected	O
computers	O
:	O
it	O
is	O
at	O
once	O
not	O
"	O
real	O
"	O
,	O
since	O
one	O
could	O
not	O
spatially	O
locate	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
tangible	O
object	O
,	O
and	O
clearly	O
"	O
real	O
"	O
in	O
its	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
several	O
attempts	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
concise	O
model	O
about	O
how	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
works	O
since	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
physical	O
thing	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
looked	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondly	O
,	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
site	O
of	O
computer-mediated	O
communication	O
(	O
CMC	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
online	O
relationships	O
and	O
alternative	O
forms	O
of	O
online	O
identity	O
were	O
enacted	O
,	O
raising	O
important	O
questions	O
about	O
the	O
social	O
psychology	O
of	O
Internet	O
use	O
,	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
"	O
online	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
offline	O
"	O
forms	O
of	O
life	O
and	O
interaction	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
"	O
real	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
draws	O
attention	O
to	O
remediation	O
of	O
culture	O
through	O
new	O
media	O
technologies	O
:	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
just	O
a	O
communication	O
tool	O
but	O
a	O
social	O
destination	O
and	O
is	O
culturally	O
significant	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
providing	O
new	O
opportunities	O
to	O
reshape	O
society	O
and	O
culture	O
through	O
"	O
hidden	O
"	O
identities	O
,	O
or	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
borderless	O
communication	O
and	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
space	O
"	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
has	O
more	O
in	O
common	O
with	O
the	O
abstract	O
,	O
mathematical	O
meanings	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
(	O
see	O
space	O
)	O
than	O
physical	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
duality	O
of	O
positive	O
and	O
negative	O
volume	O
(	O
while	O
in	O
physical	O
space	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
room	O
has	O
the	O
negative	O
volume	O
of	O
usable	O
space	O
delineated	O
by	O
positive	O
volume	O
of	O
walls	O
,	O
Internet	O
users	O
cannot	O
enter	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
explore	O
the	O
unknown	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
as	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
space	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
spatial	O
meaning	O
can	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
different	O
pages	O
(	O
of	O
books	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
web	B-Application
servers	I-Application
)	O
,	O
considering	O
the	O
unturned	O
pages	O
to	O
be	O
somewhere	O
"	O
out	O
there.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
refers	O
not	O
to	O
the	O
content	O
being	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
surfer	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
to	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
surfing	O
among	O
different	O
sites	O
,	O
with	O
feedback	O
loops	O
between	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
creating	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
always	O
encounter	O
something	O
unknown	O
or	O
unexpected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
game	O
adopts	O
the	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
metaphor	O
by	O
engaging	O
more	O
players	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
figuratively	O
representing	O
them	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
as	O
avatars	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
stop	O
at	O
the	O
avatar-player	O
level	O
,	O
but	O
current	O
implementations	O
aiming	O
for	O
more	O
immersive	O
playing	O
space	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
tag	O
)	O
take	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
,	O
fully	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
realities	I-Application
remaining	O
impractical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
more	O
radical	O
consequences	O
of	O
the	O
global	O
communication	O
network	O
predicted	O
by	O
some	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
proponents	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
virtual	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
explicitly	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
example	O
Linden	O
Lab	O
calling	O
their	O
customers	O
"	O
Residents	B-Application
"	O
of	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
,	O
while	O
all	O
such	O
communities	O
can	O
be	O
positioned	O
"	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
for	O
explanatory	O
and	O
comparative	O
purposes	O
(	O
as	O
did	O
Sterling	O
in	O
The	O
Hacker	O
Crackdown	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
many	O
journalists	O
)	O
,	O
integrating	O
the	O
metaphor	O
into	O
a	O
wider	O
cyber-culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
metaphor	O
has	O
had	O
its	O
limits	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
areas	O
where	O
the	O
metaphor	O
becomes	O
confused	O
with	O
physical	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
forerunner	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
ideas	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
Cartesian	O
notion	O
that	O
people	O
might	O
be	O
deceived	O
by	O
an	O
evil	O
demon	O
that	O
feeds	O
them	O
a	O
false	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
argument	O
is	O
the	O
direct	O
predecessor	O
of	O
modern	O
ideas	O
of	O
a	O
brain	O
in	O
a	O
vat	O
and	O
many	O
popular	O
conceptions	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
take	O
Descartes	O
's	O
ideas	O
as	O
their	O
starting	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
American	O
counterculture	O
exponents	O
like	O
William	O
S	O
.	O
Burroughs	O
(	O
whose	O
literary	O
influence	O
on	O
Gibson	O
and	O
cyberpunk	O
in	O
general	O
is	O
widely	O
acknowledged	O
)	O
and	O
Timothy	O
Leary	O
were	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
extol	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
computers	O
and	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
for	O
individual	O
empowerment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Deutsch	O
in	O
The	O
Fabric	O
of	O
Reality	O
)	O
employ	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	O
various	O
thought	O
experiments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Philip	O
Zhai	O
in	O
Get	O
Real	O
:	O
A	O
Philosophical	O
Adventure	O
in	O
Virtual	B-Application
Reality	I-Application
connects	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
Platonic	O
tradition	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
this	O
brain-in-a-vat	O
argument	O
conflates	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
with	O
reality	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
more	O
common	O
descriptions	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
contrast	O
it	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
real	O
world	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
media	O
became	O
(	O
plurally	O
)	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
media	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
,	O
allowing	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
access	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
digital	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
cultural	O
virtualization	O
of	O
human	O
reality	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
migration	O
from	O
physical	O
to	O
virtual	B-Application
space	I-Application
(	O
mediated	O
by	O
the	O
ICTs	O
)	O
,	O
ruled	O
by	O
codes	O
,	O
signs	O
and	O
particular	O
social	O
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
technologies	O
also	O
help	O
to	O
"	O
connect	O
"	O
people	O
from	O
different	O
cultures	O
outside	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
space	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
unthinkable	O
fifty	O
years	O
ago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
giant	O
relationships	O
web	O
,	O
we	O
mutually	O
absorb	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
beliefs	O
,	O
customs	O
,	O
values	O
,	O
laws	O
and	O
habits	O
,	O
cultural	O
legacies	O
perpetuated	O
by	O
a	O
physical-virtual	O
dynamics	O
in	O
constant	O
metamorphosis	O
(	O
ibidem	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
sense	O
,	O
Professor	O
Doctor	O
Marcelo	O
Mendonça	O
Teixeira	O
created	O
,	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
model	O
of	O
communication	O
to	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
universe	O
,	O
based	O
in	O
Claude	O
Elwood	O
Shannon	O
(	O
1948	O
)	O
article	O
"	O
A	O
Mathematical	O
Theory	O
of	O
Communication	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
originated	O
among	O
writers	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
remains	O
most	O
popular	O
in	O
literature	O
and	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
artists	O
working	O
with	O
other	O
media	O
have	O
expressed	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
concept	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Roy	O
Ascott	O
,	O
"	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
digital	O
art	O
is	O
mostly	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
synonym	O
for	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
remains	O
more	O
discussed	O
than	O
enacted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
also	O
brings	O
together	O
every	O
service	O
and	O
facility	O
imaginable	O
to	O
expedite	O
money	O
laundering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
this	O
model	O
,	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
composed	O
of	O
five	O
layers	O
based	O
on	O
information	O
discoveries	O
:	O
1	O
)	O
language	O
,	O
2	O
)	O
writing	O
,	O
3	O
)	O
printing	O
,	O
4	O
)	O
Internet	O
,	O
5	O
)	O
Etc.	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
noosphere	O
,	O
artificial	O
life	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
