<s>
A	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
or	O
intelligent	O
system	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
mechanism	O
is	O
controlled	O
or	O
monitored	O
by	O
computer-based	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
physical	O
and	O
software	O
components	O
are	O
deeply	O
intertwined	O
,	O
able	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
different	O
spatial	O
and	O
temporal	O
scales	O
,	O
exhibit	O
multiple	O
and	O
distinct	O
behavioral	O
modalities	O
,	O
and	O
interact	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
ways	O
that	O
change	O
with	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
control	O
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
emphasis	O
tends	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
on	O
the	O
computational	O
elements	O
,	O
and	O
less	O
on	O
an	O
intense	O
link	O
between	O
the	O
computational	O
and	O
physical	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPS	O
is	O
also	O
similar	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
sharing	O
the	O
same	O
basic	O
architecture	O
;	O
nevertheless	O
,	O
CPS	O
presents	O
a	O
higher	O
combination	O
and	O
coordination	O
between	O
physical	O
and	O
computational	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
CPS	O
include	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
,	O
autonomous	O
automobile	O
systems	O
,	O
medical	O
monitoring	O
,	O
industrial	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
robotics	O
systems	O
,	O
recycling	O
and	O
automatic	O
pilot	O
avionics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Precursors	O
of	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
areas	O
as	O
diverse	O
as	O
aerospace	O
,	O
automotive	O
,	O
chemical	O
processes	O
,	O
civil	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
energy	O
,	O
healthcare	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
transportation	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
and	O
consumer	O
appliances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
more	O
traditional	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
a	O
full-fledged	O
CPS	O
is	O
typically	O
designed	O
as	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
of	O
interacting	O
elements	O
with	O
physical	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
instead	O
of	O
as	O
standalone	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
notion	O
is	O
closely	O
tied	O
to	O
concepts	O
of	O
robotics	O
and	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
with	O
intelligence	O
mechanisms	O
proper	O
of	O
computational	O
intelligence	O
leading	O
the	O
pathway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ongoing	O
advances	O
in	O
science	O
and	O
engineering	O
improve	O
the	O
link	O
between	O
computational	O
and	O
physical	O
elements	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
intelligent	O
mechanisms	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
adaptability	O
,	O
autonomy	O
,	O
efficiency	O
,	O
functionality	O
,	O
reliability	O
,	O
safety	O
,	O
and	O
usability	O
of	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
will	O
broaden	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
in	O
several	O
directions	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
intervention	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
collision	B-Protocol
avoidance	I-Protocol
)	O
;	O
precision	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
robotic	O
surgery	O
and	O
nano-level	O
manufacturing	O
)	O
;	O
operation	O
in	O
dangerous	O
or	O
inaccessible	O
environments	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
search	O
and	O
rescue	O
,	O
firefighting	O
,	O
and	O
deep-sea	O
exploration	O
)	O
;	O
coordination	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
control	I-Application
,	O
war	O
fighting	O
)	O
;	O
efficiency	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
zero-net	O
energy	O
buildings	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
augmentation	O
of	O
human	O
capabilities	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
physical	O
system	O
under	O
study	O
has	O
inherent	O
mobility	O
,	O
are	O
a	O
prominent	O
subcategory	O
of	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
in	O
popularity	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
has	O
increased	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
mobile	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphone	B-Application
platforms	O
make	O
ideal	O
mobile	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
reasons	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
tasks	O
that	O
require	O
more	O
resources	O
than	O
are	O
locally	O
available	O
,	O
one	O
common	O
mechanism	O
for	O
rapid	O
implementation	O
of	O
smartphone-based	O
mobile	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
nodes	O
utilizes	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
connectivity	O
to	O
link	O
the	O
mobile	O
system	O
with	O
either	O
a	O
server	O
or	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
environment	O
,	O
enabling	O
complex	O
processing	O
tasks	O
that	O
are	O
impossible	O
under	O
local	O
resource	O
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
mobile	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
include	O
applications	O
to	O
track	O
and	O
analyze	O
CO	O
emissions	O
,	O
detect	O
traffic	O
accidents	O
,	O
insurance	O
telematics	O
and	O
provide	O
situational	O
awareness	O
services	O
to	O
first	O
responders	O
,	O
measure	O
traffic	O
,	O
and	O
monitor	O
cardiac	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
monitor	O
some	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
environment	O
and	O
relay	O
the	O
processed	O
information	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
types	O
of	O
CPS	O
include	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
,	O
autonomous	O
automotive	O
systems	O
,	O
medical	O
monitoring	O
,	O
process	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
distributed	O
robotics	O
,	O
recycling	O
and	O
automatic	O
pilot	O
avionics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
system	O
combines	O
distributed	O
sensing	O
(	O
each	O
plant	O
is	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
sensor	O
node	O
monitoring	O
its	O
status	O
)	O
,	O
navigation	O
,	O
manipulation	O
and	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPS	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
electric	O
grids	O
to	O
perform	O
advanced	O
control	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
context	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
distributed	O
renewable	O
generation.The	O
Special	O
remedial	O
action	O
scheme	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
limit	O
the	O
current	O
flows	O
in	O
the	O
grid	O
when	O
wind	O
farm	O
generation	O
is	O
too	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
industry	O
domain	O
,	O
the	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
empowered	O
by	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
technologies	I-Architecture
have	O
led	O
to	O
novel	O
approaches	O
that	O
paved	O
the	O
path	O
to	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
project	O
with	O
partners	O
such	O
as	O
Schneider	O
Electric	O
,	O
SAP	B-Application
,	O
Honeywell	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
challenge	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
embedded	O
and	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
large	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
practice	O
between	O
the	O
various	O
engineering	O
disciplines	O
involved	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
software	O
and	O
mechanical	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
from	O
the	O
MODELISAR	B-Application
project	O
show	O
that	O
this	O
approach	O
is	O
viable	O
by	O
proposing	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
for	O
co-simulation	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
Functional	B-Application
Mock-up	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
(	O
NSF	O
)	O
has	O
identified	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
key	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
late	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
NSF	O
and	O
other	O
United	O
States	O
federal	O
agencies	O
sponsored	O
several	O
workshops	O
on	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
