<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
statically	O
typed	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
promoting	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
a	O
versatile	O
foreign	B-Application
function	I-Application
interface	I-Application
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
integrate	O
software	O
from	O
many	O
external	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
organizational	O
level	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
provides	O
facilities	O
like	O
conditional	B-Language
branching	I-Language
and	O
general	O
recursion	O
making	O
it	O
Turing-complete	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
is	O
the	O
attempt	O
to	O
close	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
scientific	B-Application
workflow	I-Application
systems	I-Application
like	O
Taverna	B-Application
,	O
KNIME	B-Language
,	O
or	O
Galaxy	B-Application
and	O
large-scale	O
data	O
analysis	O
programming	O
models	O
like	O
MapReduce	B-Operating_System
or	O
Pig	B-Language
Latin	I-Language
while	O
offering	O
the	O
generality	O
of	O
a	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuneiform	B-Language
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
distributed	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
run	O
in	O
distributed	O
mode	O
it	O
drives	O
a	O
POSIX-compliant	O
distributed	O
file	O
system	O
like	O
Gluster	O
or	O
Ceph	O
(	O
or	O
a	O
FUSE	B-Application
integration	O
of	O
some	O
other	O
file	O
system	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
HDFS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
scripts	O
can	O
be	O
executed	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
HTCondor	B-Operating_System
or	O
Hadoop	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuneiform	B-Language
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Peter	O
Kelly	O
who	O
proposes	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
as	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
scientific	B-Application
workflow	I-Application
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
is	O
distinct	O
from	O
related	O
workflow	O
languages	O
based	O
on	O
dataflow	B-Application
programming	I-Application
like	O
Swift	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
tools	O
and	O
libraries	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
R	B-Language
or	O
Python	B-Language
libraries	O
)	O
are	O
integrated	O
via	O
a	O
foreign	B-Application
function	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
it	O
resembles	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
KNIME	B-Language
which	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
external	O
software	O
through	O
snippet	O
nodes	O
,	O
or	O
Taverna	B-Application
which	O
offers	O
BeanShell	B-Language
services	O
for	O
integrating	O
Java	B-Language
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foreign	O
language	O
support	O
for	O
AWK	B-Application
and	O
gnuplot	B-Application
are	O
planned	O
additions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuneiform	B-Language
provides	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
statically	O
checked	O
type	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
provides	O
lists	O
as	O
compound	O
data	O
types	O
it	O
omits	O
traditional	O
list	O
accessors	O
(	O
head	O
and	O
tail	O
)	O
to	O
avoid	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
runtime	O
errors	O
which	O
might	O
arise	O
when	O
accessing	O
the	O
empty	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
omits	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
organizational	O
level	O
)	O
arithmetics	O
which	O
excludes	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
division	O
by	O
zero	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
base	O
data	O
types	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
provides	O
Booleans	O
,	O
strings	O
,	O
and	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuneiform	B-Language
provides	O
records	O
(	O
structs	O
)	O
as	O
compound	O
data	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
example	O
below	O
shows	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
variable	O
r	B-Language
being	O
a	O
record	O
with	O
two	O
fields	O
a1	O
and	O
a2	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
being	O
a	O
string	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
being	O
a	O
Boolean	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Records	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
either	O
via	O
projection	O
or	O
via	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
example	O
below	O
extracts	O
the	O
two	O
fields	O
a1	O
and	O
a2	O
from	O
the	O
record	O
r	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
provides	O
lists	O
as	O
compound	O
data	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Herein	O
,	O
the	O
for	O
operator	O
can	O
be	O
given	O
multiple	O
lists	O
to	O
consume	O
list	O
element-wise	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
for/list	O
in	O
Racket	B-Operating_System
,	O
mapcar	O
in	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
or	O
zipwith	O
in	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuneiform	B-Language
is	O
a	O
purely	O
functional	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
mutable	O
references	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
scheduler	O
distributes	O
these	O
portions	O
to	O
worker	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
uses	O
a	O
Call-by-Name	O
evaluation	O
strategy	O
to	O
compute	O
values	O
only	O
if	O
they	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
computation	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
program	O
allows	O
the	O
applications	O
of	O
f	O
and	O
g	O
to	O
run	O
in	O
parallel	O
while	O
h	O
is	O
dependent	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
started	O
only	O
when	O
both	O
f	O
and	O
g	O
are	O
finished	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
program	O
creates	O
three	O
parallel	O
applications	O
of	O
the	O
function	O
f	O
by	O
mapping	O
f	O
over	O
a	O
three-element	O
list	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
applications	O
of	O
f	O
and	O
g	O
are	O
independent	O
in	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
the	O
record	O
r	B-Language
and	O
can	O
,	O
thus	O
,	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
parallel	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
script	O
defines	O
a	O
task	O
greet	O
in	O
Bash	B-Operating_System
which	O
prepends	O
"	O
Hello	O
"	O
to	O
its	O
string	O
argument	O
person	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Command	O
line	O
tools	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
by	O
defining	O
a	O
task	O
in	O
Bash	B-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
calls	O
the	O
tool	O
SAMtools	B-Application
,	O
consuming	O
an	O
input	O
file	O
,	O
in	O
BAM	B-Application
format	I-Application
,	O
and	O
producing	O
a	O
sorted	O
output	O
file	O
,	O
also	O
in	O
BAM	B-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
Appearance	O
Implementation	O
Language	O
Distribution	O
Platform	O
Foreign	O
Languages	O
1.0.0	O
May	O
2014	O
Java	B-Language
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
Bash	B-Operating_System
,	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
,	O
GNU	B-Language
Octave	I-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Scala	O
2.0.x	O
Mar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2015	O
Java	B-Language
HTCondor	B-Operating_System
,	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
Bash	B-Operating_System
,	O
BeanShell	B-Language
,	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
,	O
MATLAB	B-Language
,	O
GNU	B-Language
Octave	I-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Scala	O
2.2.x	O
Apr	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2016	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
's	O
implementation	O
language	O
switched	O
from	O
Java	B-Language
to	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
and	O
,	O
in	O
February	O
2018	O
,	O
its	O
major	O
distributed	O
execution	O
platform	O
changed	O
from	O
a	O
Hadoop	B-Application
to	O
distributed	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
from	O
2015	O
to	O
2018	O
HTCondor	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
maintained	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
execution	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuneiform	B-Language
's	O
surface	O
syntax	O
was	O
revised	O
twice	O
,	O
as	O
reflected	O
in	O
the	O
major	O
version	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
first	O
draft	O
published	O
in	O
May	O
2014	O
,	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
was	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
Make	B-Application
in	O
that	O
it	O
constructed	O
a	O
static	O
data	O
dependency	O
graph	O
which	O
the	O
interpreter	O
traversed	O
during	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
difference	O
to	O
later	O
versions	O
was	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
conditionals	B-Language
,	O
recursion	O
,	O
or	O
static	O
type	O
checking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bash	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
default	O
foreign	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
surface	O
syntax	O
,	O
first	O
published	O
in	O
March	O
2015	O
,	O
remained	O
in	O
use	O
for	O
three	O
years	O
outlasting	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
Java	B-Language
to	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
as	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
's	O
implementation	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
surface	O
syntax	O
remained	O
in	O
use	O
the	O
interpreter	O
was	O
formalized	O
and	O
simplified	O
which	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
first	O
specification	O
of	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
's	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
syntax	O
featured	O
conditionals	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
of	O
Cuneiform	B-Language
's	O
surface	O
syntax	O
,	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
earlier	O
drafts	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
close	O
the	O
gap	O
to	O
mainstream	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
