<s>
A	O
Crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
is	O
a	O
spatial	O
area	O
to	O
which	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
crime	O
incidents	O
are	O
attributed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
can	O
be	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
homogeneous	O
or	O
heterogeneous	O
crime	O
incidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
are	O
smaller	O
units	O
or	O
set	O
of	O
crime	O
targets	O
within	O
a	O
hotspot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
or	O
a	O
conjunction	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
within	O
a	O
study	O
area	O
can	O
make	O
up	O
a	O
crime	O
hotspot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
are	O
smaller	O
groups	O
of	O
crime	O
uniformly	O
or	O
randomly	O
distributed	O
within	O
a	O
hotspot	O
's	O
geographical	O
domain	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
because	O
not	O
all	O
hotspots	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
crime	O
composition	O
and	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hotspots	O
are	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
because	O
it	O
is	O
from	O
the	O
hotspot	O
's	O
earlier	O
theories	O
and	O
studies	O
that	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
was	O
derived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hotspots	O
can	O
be	O
expressed	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
dots	O
,	O
lines	O
or	O
polygons	O
and	O
even	O
shades	O
of	O
color	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
which	O
estimates	O
the	O
likelihood	O
of	O
a	O
crime	O
event	O
occurring	O
within	O
a	O
given	O
region	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
done	O
through	O
crime	O
mapping	O
which	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
allocation	O
of	O
individual	O
or	O
multiple	O
crime	O
incidents	O
on	O
a	O
map	O
by	O
utilizing	O
a	O
computer	O
software	O
package	O
such	O
as	O
ArcMap	B-Application
10.1	O
,	O
a	O
Geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
different	O
forms	O
of	O
hotspots	O
and	O
consequently	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
are	O
studied	O
and	O
explained	O
by	O
various	O
theories	O
and	O
measured	O
by	O
several	O
spatial	O
and	O
temporal	O
analysis	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
influential	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
theories	O
is	O
the	O
Crime	O
Place	O
Theory	O
because	O
it	O
focuses	O
on	O
criminal	O
events	O
on	O
specific	O
locations	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
large	O
view	O
at	O
the	O
high	O
crime	O
density	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
computer	O
based	O
analysis	O
through	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
employed	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
measuring	O
crime	O
intensity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
necessary	O
for	O
the	O
analyst	O
to	O
select	O
a	O
bandwidth	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
bandwidth	B-General_Concept
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
search	O
radius	O
from	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
each	O
map	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
analysis	O
is	O
run	O
the	O
bandwidth	B-General_Concept
searches	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
crimes	O
reported	O
within	O
each	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
after	O
conducting	O
the	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
analysis	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
determine	O
if	O
grid	O
cells	O
with	O
high	O
crime	O
intensity	O
values	O
are	O
clustered	O
together	O
and	O
thus	O
forming	O
a	O
crime	O
hotspot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cells	O
that	O
possess	O
higher	O
intensity	O
values	O
within	O
the	O
crime	O
hotspots	O
only	O
show	O
the	O
crime	O
density	O
but	O
cannot	O
be	O
further	O
analyze	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
locate	O
the	O
spatial	O
coverage	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
manipulate	O
cell	O
and	O
bandwidth	B-General_Concept
sizes	O
permits	O
analyst	O
to	O
use	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
for	O
conducting	O
analysis	O
at	O
a	O
small	O
scope	O
level	O
within	O
a	O
crime	O
hotspot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
spatial	O
analysis	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
,	O
LISA	O
or	O
STAC	O
;	O
it	O
uses	O
an	O
aoristic	O
analysis	O
for	O
which	O
"	O
The	O
basic	O
premise	O
is	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
time	O
of	O
an	O
event	O
is	O
not	O
known	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
start	O
and	O
end	O
time	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
estimate	O
a	O
probability	O
matrix	O
for	O
each	O
crime	O
event	O
for	O
each	O
hour	O
of	O
the	O
day	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
hotspot	O
matrix	O
is	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
both	O
spatial	O
and	O
temporal	O
characteristics	O
pertaining	O
to	O
hotspots	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
determine	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
patterns	O
within	O
a	O
high	O
crime	O
intensity	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
information	O
was	O
stored	O
as	O
software	O
files	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
;	O
this	O
enabled	O
the	O
analysis	O
,	O
the	O
geocoding	B-Application
and	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
community	O
maps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
researchers	O
initiated	O
geocoding	B-Application
which	O
associates	O
an	O
address	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
to	O
a	O
map	O
–	O
both	O
the	O
addresses	O
of	O
the	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
liquor	O
selling	O
establishments	O
and	O
the	O
crimes	O
that	O
had	O
occurred	O
in	O
places	O
where	O
liquor	O
beverages	O
are	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
hotspots	O
were	O
identified	O
by	O
the	O
researchers	O
,	O
they	O
continued	O
to	O
examine	O
the	O
hotspots	O
arrangement	O
and	O
took	O
a	O
look	O
at	O
some	O
specific	O
address	O
level	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
not	O
all	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
are	O
equally	O
generators	O
of	O
crime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
through	O
geocoding	B-Application
and	O
the	O
overlapping	O
the	O
gang	O
territorial	O
map	O
that	O
major	O
concentrations	O
of	O
crime	O
were	O
identified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
crime	O
hotspots	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
regions	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
further	O
analyzed	O
for	O
its	O
unique	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
1994Problem-oriented	O
policingUnable	O
to	O
get	O
landlords	O
to	O
restrict	O
offender	O
access.Koper	O
,	O
C.	O
,	O
Taylor	O
,	O
B	O
.	O
G.	O
,	O
&	O
Woods	O
,	O
D.	O
"	O
A	O
Randomized	O
Test	O
of	O
Initial	O
and	O
Residual	O
Deterrence	O
From	O
Directed	O
Patrols	O
and	O
Use	O
of	O
License	B-Application
Plate	I-Application
Readers	I-Application
at	O
Crime	O
Hot	O
Spots	O
"	O
,	O
2013License	O
plate	O
recognition	O
software	O
at	O
hot	O
spotsEffective	O
in	O
combating	O
auto-theft	O
,	O
the	O
effect	O
lasts	O
2	O
weeks	O
after	O
the	O
intervention.Lum	O
,	O
C.	O
,	O
Merola	O
,	O
L.	O
,	O
Willis	O
,	O
J.	O
,	O
Cave	O
,	O
B	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
License	B-Application
plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
technology	O
(	O
LPR	O
)	O
:	O
Impact	O
evaluation	O
and	O
community	O
assessment	O
"	O
,	O
2010Use	O
of	O
license	B-Application
plate	I-Application
readers	I-Application
mounted	O
on	O
patrol	O
cars	O
in	O
autotheft	O
hot	O
spot	O
areasNo	O
impact	O
on	O
auto	O
crime	O
or	O
crime	O
generally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
various	O
methods	O
for	O
the	O
identification	O
and/or	O
establishment	O
of	O
emerging	O
geographical	O
locations	O
experiencing	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
and	O
hotspots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
commonly	O
used	O
method	O
for	O
this	O
process	O
is	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
;	O
this	O
method	O
depicts	O
the	O
probability	O
of	O
an	O
event	O
occurring	O
;	O
in	O
criminology	O
it	O
refers	O
to	O
crime	O
incidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
finite	O
line	O
highlighting	O
the	O
begging	O
and	O
the	O
exact	O
end	O
of	O
each	O
hotspot	O
and	O
its	O
respective	O
set	O
or	O
individual	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
map	O
can	O
be	O
overlaid	O
with	O
a	O
dot	O
map	O
for	O
which	O
the	O
crime	O
incidents	O
have	O
been	O
geocoded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
map	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
spatial	O
area	O
that	O
constitutes	O
the	O
hotspot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
potential	O
deficiency	O
in	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
analysis	O
and	O
hotspot	O
identification	O
techniques	O
is	O
that	O
crime	O
analysts	O
generally	O
are	O
limited	O
to	O
analyze	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
their	O
own	O
law	O
enforcement	O
agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
by	O
only	O
analyzing	O
within	O
a	O
police	O
department	O
's	O
jurisdiction	O
the	O
researcher	O
might	O
be	O
unable	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
actual	O
or	O
miss	O
the	O
root	O
of	O
the	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
due	O
to	O
a	O
partial	O
access	O
of	O
the	O
natural	O
flow	O
of	O
crime	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
restricted	O
by	O
geographical	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
fundamental	O
to	O
know	O
that	O
some	O
techniques	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
temporal	O
characteristics	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
or	O
crime	O
incidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
future	O
developments	O
in	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
should	O
be	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
time	O
at	O
which	O
the	O
incidents	O
occurred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identification	O
of	O
hotspots	O
and	O
consequently	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
enables	O
law	O
enforcing	O
agencies	O
to	O
allocate	O
their	O
human	O
and	O
financial	O
resources	O
effectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
crime	O
analyst	O
can	O
utilize	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
various	O
spatial	O
analytical	O
techniques	O
for	O
spotting	O
the	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
every	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
analysis	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
snapshot	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
number	O
of	O
criminal	O
acts	O
distributed	O
throughout	O
a	O
geographical	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
analyses	O
can	O
be	O
compared	O
throughout	O
different	O
time	O
periods	O
such	O
as	O
specific	O
days	O
of	O
the	O
week	O
,	O
weeks	O
,	O
and	O
dates	O
of	O
the	O
month	O
or	O
seasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
made	O
possible	O
due	O
to	O
identification	O
of	O
hotspot	O
and	O
their	O
respective	O
crime	B-Application
concentrations	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plus	O
the	O
further	O
employment	O
of	O
Ratcliffe	O
's	O
hotspot	O
matrix	O
which	O
depicts	O
the	O
crime	B-Application
concentration	I-Application
patterns	O
within	O
hotspots	O
.	O
</s>
