<s>
The	O
Cray	B-Device
X-MP	I-Device
was	O
a	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
designed	O
,	O
built	O
and	O
sold	O
by	O
Cray	O
Research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
1982	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
cleaned	O
up	O
"	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
1975	O
Cray-1	B-Device
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	O
computer	O
from	O
1983	O
to	O
1985	O
with	O
a	O
quad-processor	O
system	O
performance	O
of	O
800	O
MFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
X-MP	O
'	O
s	O
main	O
improvement	O
over	O
the	O
Cray-1	B-Device
was	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
shared-memory	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
vector	B-Operating_System
processor	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
first	O
such	O
computer	O
from	O
Cray	O
Research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
housed	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
CPUs	O
in	O
a	O
mainframe	O
that	O
was	O
nearly	O
identical	O
in	O
outside	O
appearance	O
to	O
the	O
Cray-1	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
built	O
from	O
bipolar	O
gate-array	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
containing	O
16	O
emitter-coupled	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
gates	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	O
was	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Cray-1	B-Device
CPU	O
in	O
architecture	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
better	O
memory	O
bandwidth	O
(	O
with	O
two	O
read	O
ports	O
and	O
one	O
write	O
port	O
to	O
the	O
main	O
memory	O
instead	O
of	O
only	O
one	O
read/write	O
port	O
)	O
and	O
improved	O
chaining	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPUs	O
in	O
these	O
models	O
introduced	O
vector	O
gather/scatter	B-General_Concept
memory	O
reference	O
instructions	O
to	O
the	O
product	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
initially	O
ran	O
the	O
proprietary	O
Cray	B-Operating_System
Operating	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
COS	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
object-code	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
Cray-1	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
UNIX	B-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
V	I-Operating_System
derivative	O
initially	O
named	O
CX-OS	O
and	O
finally	O
renamed	O
UNICOS	B-Operating_System
ran	O
through	O
a	O
guest	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
facility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UNICOS	B-Operating_System
became	O
the	O
main	O
OS	O
from	O
1986	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DOE	O
ran	O
the	O
Cray	B-Operating_System
Time	I-Operating_System
Sharing	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
OS	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
the	O
Software	O
section	O
for	O
the	O
Cray-1	B-Device
for	O
a	O
more	O
detailed	O
elaboration	O
of	O
software	O
(	O
language	O
compiler	O
,	O
assembler	O
,	O
OSes	O
,	O
and	O
applications	O
)	O
as	O
X-MPs	O
and	O
1s	O
were	O
mostly	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
compatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
software	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
Cray-1	B-Device
and	O
older	O
X-MP	O
models	O
,	O
24-bit	O
addressing	O
was	O
also	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Input/Output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
subsystem	O
could	O
have	O
two	O
to	O
four	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
processors	O
with	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
2	O
to	O
32	O
disk	O
storage	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DD-39	O
and	O
DD-49	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
made	O
by	O
Ibis	O
with	O
a	O
raw	O
transfer	O
rate	O
of	O
13.3MB/s	O
each	O
stored	O
1200megabyte	O
(	O
blocked	O
and	O
formatted	O
)	O
with	O
5.9MB/s	O
and	O
9.8MB/s	O
transfer	O
rates	O
(	O
unstriped	O
)	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optional	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
were	O
available	O
with	O
256	O
,	O
512	O
or	O
1024MB	O
capacities	O
with	O
transfer	O
rates	O
of	O
100	O
to	O
1,000	O
MB/s	O
per	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
system	O
could	O
interface	O
with	O
IBM	B-Device
3420	I-Device
and	O
3480	B-Device
tape	O
units	O
directly	O
without	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
CPU	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1984	O
X-MP/48	O
cost	O
about	O
US$15million	O
plus	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
disks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
received	O
$1.5	O
million	O
of	O
trade-in	O
credit	O
for	O
their	O
Cray-1	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cray-2	B-Device
,	O
a	O
completely	O
new	O
design	O
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cray	B-Device
Y-MP	I-Device
upgrade	O
of	O
the	O
X-MP	O
series	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
1988	O
;	O
it	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
new	O
design	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
16-gate	O
ECL	O
gate	O
arrays	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
compact	O
VLSI	O
gate	O
array	O
with	O
larger	O
circuit	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1984	O
film	O
The	B-Device
Last	I-Device
Starfighter	I-Device
depended	O
heavily	O
on	O
high	O
polygon	O
count	O
(	O
for	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
models	O
with	O
complex	O
lighting	O
effects	O
,	O
the	O
rendering	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
made	O
possible	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
X-MP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
animation	O
for	O
the	O
1986	O
Marvel	O
Productions	O
logo	O
,	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
CGI-animated	O
silver	O
colored	O
Spider-Man	B-Device
,	O
was	O
animated	O
using	O
this	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
