<s>
A	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
is	O
usually	O
a	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
whose	O
function	O
is	O
to	O
identify	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
crash	B-General_Concept
details	O
and	O
to	O
alert	O
when	O
there	O
are	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
production	O
or	O
on	O
development	O
/	O
testing	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
often	O
include	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
stack	B-Language
traces	I-Language
,	O
type	O
of	O
crash	B-General_Concept
,	O
trends	O
and	O
version	O
of	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
reports	O
help	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
-	O
Web	O
,	O
SAAS	O
,	O
mobile	O
apps	O
and	O
more	O
,	O
to	O
diagnose	O
and	O
fix	O
the	O
underlying	O
problem	O
causing	O
the	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
may	O
contain	O
sensitive	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
passwords	O
,	O
email	O
addresses	O
,	O
and	O
contact	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
have	O
become	O
objects	O
of	O
interest	O
for	O
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementing	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
tools	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
cycle	O
has	O
become	O
a	O
standard	O
,	O
and	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
tools	O
have	O
become	O
a	O
commodity	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
offered	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
like	O
Crashlytics	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
others	O
are	O
putting	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
efforts	O
on	O
encouraging	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
to	O
use	O
their	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
,	O
knowing	O
this	O
will	O
increase	O
their	O
revenues	O
down	O
the	O
road	O
(	O
through	O
advertisements	O
and	O
other	O
mechanisms	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
tools	O
make	O
an	O
important	O
development	O
functionality	O
that	O
giant	O
companies	O
include	O
in	O
their	O
portfolio	O
of	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
tools	O
are	O
specialized	O
in	O
mobile	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
SDKs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
macOS	B-Application
there	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crash	O
Reporter.app	O
sends	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
crash	B-Operating_System
logs	I-Operating_System
to	O
Apple	O
for	O
their	O
engineers	O
to	O
look	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
text	O
field	O
of	O
the	O
window	O
has	O
the	O
crash	B-Operating_System
log	I-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
the	O
bottom	O
field	O
is	O
for	O
user	O
comments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crash	B-General_Concept
Reporter.app	O
has	O
3	B-Language
main	O
modes	O
:	O
display	O
nothing	O
on	O
crash	B-General_Concept
,	O
display	O
"	O
Application	O
has	O
crashed	O
"	O
dialog	O
box	O
or	O
display	O
Crash	B-General_Concept
Report	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
includes	O
a	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
service	O
called	O
Windows	O
Error	B-General_Concept
Reporting	I-General_Concept
that	O
prompts	O
users	O
to	O
send	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
for	O
online	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consists	O
of	O
diagnostic	O
information	O
that	O
helps	O
the	O
company	O
or	O
development	O
team	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
to	O
debug	B-Device
and	O
resolve	O
the	O
issue	O
if	O
they	O
choose	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
for	O
third	O
party	O
software	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
third	O
party	O
developers	B-Application
who	O
have	O
been	O
granted	O
access	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
considers	O
all	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
debug	B-Device
and	O
release	O
process	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
targeted	O
bug	O
fixes	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
through	O
Windows	O
Update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
only	O
people	O
experiencing	O
a	O
particular	O
type	O
of	O
crash	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
offered	O
the	O
bug	O
fix	O
,	O
thus	O
limiting	O
exposure	O
to	O
an	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Der	O
Spiegel	O
,	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
exploited	O
by	O
NSA	O
's	O
Tailored	O
Access	O
Operations	O
(	O
TAO	O
)	O
unit	O
to	O
hack	O
into	O
the	O
computers	O
of	O
Mexico	O
's	O
Secretariat	O
of	O
Public	O
Security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
source	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
are	O
automatically	O
harvested	O
in	O
NSA	O
's	O
XKeyscore	O
database	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
facilitate	O
such	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
error	B-General_Concept
reporting	I-General_Concept
library	O
for	O
Windows	O
is	O
CrashRpt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CrashRpt	O
library	O
is	O
a	O
light-weight	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
error	B-General_Concept
handling	I-General_Concept
framework	O
for	O
applications	O
created	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Visual	I-Application
C++	I-Application
and	O
running	O
under	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CrashRpt	O
intercepts	O
unhandled	B-General_Concept
exceptions	I-General_Concept
,	O
creates	O
a	O
crash	B-General_Concept
minidump	O
file	O
,	O
builds	O
a	O
crash	B-General_Concept
descriptor	O
in	O
XML	B-Protocol
format	O
,	O
presents	O
an	O
interface	O
to	O
allow	O
user	O
to	O
review	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
report	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
it	O
compresses	O
and	O
sends	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
report	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
support	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CrashRpt	O
also	O
provides	O
a	O
server-side	O
command	O
line	O
tool	O
for	O
crash	B-General_Concept
report	O
analysis	O
named	O
crprober	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tool	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
read	O
all	O
received	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
from	O
a	O
directory	O
and	O
generate	O
a	O
summary	O
file	O
in	O
text	O
format	O
for	O
each	O
crash	B-General_Concept
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
groups	O
similar	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
making	O
it	O
easier	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
named	O
CrashFix	O
Server	B-Application
that	O
can	O
store	O
,	O
organize	O
and	O
analyze	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
sent	O
by	O
CrashRpt	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
group	O
similar	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
built-in	O
bug	O
tracker	O
and	O
can	O
generate	O
statistical	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CrashFix	O
server	B-Application
provides	O
a	O
web-based	O
user	O
interface	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
several	O
project	O
members	O
to	O
collaborate	O
(	O
upload	O
debugging	O
symbols	O
,	O
browse	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
and	O
associate	O
bugs	O
with	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABRT	O
(	O
Automated	O
Bug	O
Reporting	B-General_Concept
Tool	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
error	B-General_Concept
reporting	I-General_Concept
tool	O
made	O
for	O
Fedora	O
and	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	B-Application
do	O
not	O
currently	O
have	O
plans	O
for	O
porting	O
it	O
to	O
other	O
Linux	O
distributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABRT	O
intercepts	O
core	O
dumps	O
or	O
tracebacks	B-Language
from	O
applications	O
and	O
(	O
after	O
user-confirmation	O
)	O
sends	O
bug	O
reports	O
to	O
various	O
bug-tracking	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Fedora	O
Bugzilla	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
hosts	O
a	O
public	O
error	O
tracker	O
at	O
errors.ubuntu.com	O
which	O
collects	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
error	O
reports	O
daily	O
from	O
millions	O
of	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
program	B-General_Concept
crashes	I-General_Concept
on	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
crash	B-Operating_System
handler	I-Operating_System
(	O
such	O
as	O
Apport	O
)	O
will	O
notify	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
offer	O
to	O
report	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
user	O
chooses	O
to	O
report	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
details	O
(	O
possibly	O
including	O
a	O
core	O
dump	O
)	O
will	O
be	O
uploaded	O
to	O
an	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
(	O
daisy.ubuntu.com	O
)	O
for	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
core	O
dump	O
is	O
automatically	O
processed	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
stack	B-Language
trace	I-Language
and	O
crash	B-General_Concept
signature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
crash	B-General_Concept
signature	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
classify	O
subsequent	O
crash	B-General_Concept
reports	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bug	O
Buddy	O
is	O
the	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
tool	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
GNOME	B-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
application	O
using	O
the	O
GNOME	B-Application
libraries	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
,	O
Bug	O
Buddy	O
generates	O
a	O
stack	B-Language
trace	I-Language
using	O
gdb	B-Language
and	O
invites	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
submit	O
the	O
report	O
to	O
the	O
GNOME	B-Application
bugzilla	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
can	O
add	O
comments	O
and	O
view	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
tool	O
used	O
by	O
KDE	B-Application
is	O
called	O
Dr.	O
Konqi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
application	O
using	O
the	O
KDE	B-Application
libraries	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
,	O
Dr.	O
Konqi	O
generates	O
a	O
backtrace	B-Language
using	O
gdb	B-Language
and	O
invites	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
submit	O
the	O
report	O
to	O
the	O
KDE	B-Application
bugzilla	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
can	O
add	O
comments	O
and	O
view	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Talkback	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Quality	O
Feedback	O
Agent	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
used	O
by	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
software	O
up	O
to	O
version	O
1.8.1	O
to	O
report	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
of	O
its	O
products	O
to	O
a	O
centralized	O
server	B-Application
for	O
aggregation	O
or	O
case-by-case	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Talkback	O
is	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
licensed	O
to	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
Corporation	O
by	O
SupportSoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
product	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
,	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Thunderbird	I-Application
)	O
were	O
to	O
crash	B-General_Concept
with	O
Talkback	O
enabled	O
,	O
the	O
Talkback	O
agent	O
would	O
appear	O
,	O
prompting	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
provide	O
optional	O
information	O
regarding	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Talkback	O
does	O
not	O
replace	O
the	O
native	O
OS	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
which	O
,	O
if	O
enabled	O
,	O
will	O
appear	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Talkback	O
agent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Talkback	O
has	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
Breakpad	O
in	O
Firefox	B-Application
since	O
version	O
3	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Breakpad	O
(	O
previously	O
called	O
Airbag	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
replacement	O
for	O
Talkback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
current	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
products	O
such	O
as	O
Firefox	B-Application
and	O
Thunderbird	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
significance	O
is	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
multi-platform	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2007	O
,	O
Breakpad	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
Firefox	B-Application
on	O
Windows	O
and	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
,	O
and	O
Linux	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Breakpad	O
is	O
typically	O
paired	O
with	O
Socorro	O
which	O
receives	O
and	O
classifies	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
from	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Breakpad	O
itself	O
is	O
only	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
includes	O
no	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crashpad	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
used	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
Chromium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
Breakpad	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
update	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
10.10	O
which	O
removed	O
API	B-General_Concept
's	O
used	O
by	O
Breakpad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crashpad	O
currently	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
crash-reporting	O
client	O
and	O
some	O
related	O
tools	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
considered	O
substantially	O
complete	O
for	O
those	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crashpad	O
became	O
the	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
client	O
for	O
Chromium	O
on	O
macOS	B-Application
as	O
of	O
March	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
Windows	O
as	O
of	O
November	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
World	B-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
Warcraft	I-Protocol
is	O
another	O
program	O
to	O
use	O
its	O
own	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
,	O
"	O
Error	O
Reporter	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
error	O
reporter	O
may	O
not	O
detect	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
all	O
the	O
time	O
;	O
sometimes	O
the	O
OS	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporter	I-Operating_System
is	O
invoked	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Error	O
Reporter	O
has	O
even	O
been	O
known	O
to	O
crash	B-General_Concept
while	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
operating	O
systems	O
also	O
have	O
built	O
in	O
crash	B-Operating_System
reporting	I-Operating_System
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
