<s>
R	O
is	O
a	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
and	O
graphics	B-Application
supported	O
by	O
the	O
R	O
Core	O
Team	O
and	O
the	O
R	O
Foundation	O
for	O
Statistical	B-Algorithm
Computing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Created	O
by	O
statisticians	O
Ross	O
Ihaka	O
and	O
Robert	O
Gentleman	O
,	O
R	O
is	O
used	O
among	O
data	B-Application
miners	I-Application
,	O
bioinformaticians	O
and	O
statisticians	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
developing	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
software	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
have	O
created	O
packages	B-Architecture
to	O
augment	O
the	O
functions	O
of	O
the	O
R	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
user	O
surveys	O
and	O
studies	O
of	O
scholarly	O
literature	O
databases	O
,	O
R	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
programming	O
languages	O
in	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
R	O
software	O
environment	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
environment	O
within	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
package	I-Application
,	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
written	O
primarily	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Fortran	B-Application
,	O
and	O
R	O
itself	O
(	O
partially	O
self-hosting	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Precompiled	O
executables	B-Application
are	O
provided	O
for	O
various	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
has	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
third-party	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
also	O
available	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
RStudio	B-Application
,	O
an	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Jupyter	O
,	O
a	O
notebook	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
was	O
started	O
by	O
professors	O
Ross	O
Ihaka	O
and	O
Robert	O
Gentleman	O
as	O
a	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
teach	O
introductory	O
statistics	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Auckland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
took	O
heavy	O
inspiration	O
from	O
the	O
S	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
with	O
most	O
S	B-Language
programs	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
unaltered	O
in	O
R	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
from	O
Scheme	B-Language
's	I-Language
lexical	O
scoping	O
allowing	O
for	O
local	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
comes	O
from	O
being	O
an	O
S	B-Language
language	I-Language
successor	O
and	O
the	O
shared	O
first	O
letter	O
of	O
the	O
authors	O
,	O
Ross	O
and	O
Robert	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ihaka	O
and	O
Gentleman	O
first	O
shared	O
binaries	O
of	O
R	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
archive	O
StatLib	O
and	O
the	O
s-news	O
mailing	O
list	O
in	O
August	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1995	O
,	O
statistician	O
Martin	O
Mächler	O
convinced	O
Ihaka	O
and	O
Gentleman	O
to	O
make	O
R	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Comprehensive	O
R	O
Archive	O
Network	O
(	O
CRAN	O
)	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
1997	O
by	O
Kurt	O
Hornik	O
and	O
Fritz	O
Leisch	O
to	O
host	O
R	O
's	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
executable	B-Application
files	I-Application
,	O
documentation	O
,	O
and	O
user-created	O
packages	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
name	O
and	O
scope	O
mimics	O
the	O
Comprehensive	B-General_Concept
TeX	I-General_Concept
Archive	I-General_Concept
Network	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Comprehensive	B-Language
Perl	I-Language
Archive	I-Language
Network	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
CRAN	O
originally	O
had	O
three	O
mirrors	O
and	O
12	O
contributed	O
packages	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
103	O
mirrors	O
and	O
18,976	O
contributed	O
packages	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
's	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
include	O
vectors	O
,	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
,	O
lists	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vectors	O
are	O
ordered	O
collections	O
of	O
values	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
mapped	O
to	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
dimensions	O
in	O
a	O
column	B-Data_Structure
major	I-Data_Structure
order	I-Data_Structure
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
,	O
given	O
an	O
ordered	O
collection	O
of	O
dimensions	O
,	O
one	O
fills	O
in	O
values	O
along	O
the	O
first	O
dimension	O
first	O
,	O
then	O
fills	O
in	O
one-dimensional	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
across	O
the	O
second	O
dimension	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
supports	O
array	B-Application
arithmetics	O
and	O
in	O
this	O
regard	O
is	O
like	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
APL	B-Language
and	O
MATLAB	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
special	O
case	O
of	O
an	O
array	B-Application
with	O
two	O
dimensions	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
matrix	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
and	O
its	O
libraries	O
implement	O
various	O
statistical	O
techniques	O
,	O
including	O
linear	O
,	O
generalized	O
linear	O
and	O
nonlinear	O
modeling	O
,	O
classical	O
statistical	O
tests	O
,	O
spatial	O
and	O
time-series	O
analysis	O
,	O
classification	O
,	O
clustering	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
computationally	O
intensive	O
tasks	O
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Fortran	B-Application
code	O
can	O
be	O
linked	B-Application
and	O
called	O
at	O
run	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
of	O
R	O
's	O
strengths	O
is	O
static	O
graphics	B-Application
;	O
it	O
can	O
produce	O
publication-quality	O
graphs	O
that	O
include	O
mathematical	O
symbols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
is	O
an	O
interpreted	B-Application
language	I-Application
;	O
users	O
can	O
access	O
it	O
through	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
supports	O
procedural	B-Application
programming	I-Application
with	O
functions	O
and	O
,	O
for	O
some	O
functions	O
,	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
with	O
generic	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
S	B-Language
heritage	O
,	O
R	O
has	O
stronger	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
facilities	O
than	O
most	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extending	O
it	O
is	O
facilitated	O
by	O
its	O
lexical	O
scoping	O
rules	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
derived	O
from	O
Scheme	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
uses	O
S	B-Language
syntax	O
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
S-expressions	B-Protocol
)	O
to	O
represent	O
both	O
data	O
and	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
's	O
extensible	O
object	B-Language
system	I-Language
includes	O
objects	O
for	O
(	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
:	O
regression	O
models	O
,	O
time-series	O
and	O
geo-spatial	O
coordinates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
users	O
can	O
write	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
.NET	B-Application
or	O
Python	B-Language
code	I-Language
to	O
manipulate	O
R	O
objects	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functions	O
are	O
first-class	B-Application
objects	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
manipulated	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
data	O
objects	O
,	O
facilitating	O
meta-programming	B-Application
that	O
allows	O
multiple	O
dispatch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
the	O
generic	O
function	O
dispatches	O
the	O
method	B-Language
implementation	O
specific	O
to	O
that	O
object	O
's	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
is	O
highly	O
extensible	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
packages	B-Architecture
for	O
specific	O
functions	O
and	O
specific	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
's	O
capabilities	O
are	O
extended	O
through	O
user-created	O
packages	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
offer	O
statistical	O
techniques	O
,	O
graphical	O
devices	O
,	O
import/export	O
,	O
reporting	O
(	O
RMarkdown	O
,	O
knitr	B-Application
,	O
Sweave	B-Application
)	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
packages	B-Architecture
and	O
their	O
easy	O
installation	O
and	O
use	O
has	O
been	O
cited	O
as	O
driving	O
the	O
language	O
's	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
in	O
data	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
packages	B-Architecture
are	O
included	O
with	O
the	O
basic	O
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
packages	B-Architecture
are	O
available	O
on	O
CRAN	O
,	O
Bioconductor	B-Application
,	O
R-Forge	O
,	O
Omegahat	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Task	O
Views	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
CRAN	O
website	O
lists	O
packages	B-Architecture
in	O
fields	O
including	O
Finance	O
,	O
Genetics	O
,	O
High-Performance	O
Computing	O
,	O
Machine	O
Learning	O
,	O
Medical	O
Imaging	O
,	O
Meta-Analysis	O
,	O
Social	O
Sciences	O
and	O
Spatial	O
Statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
R	B-Language
package	I-Language
resources	O
include	O
R-Forge	O
,	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
the	O
collaborative	O
development	O
of	O
R	B-Language
packages	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bioconductor	B-Application
project	O
provides	O
packages	B-Architecture
for	O
genomic	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
object-oriented	B-Language
data	O
handling	O
and	O
analysis	O
tools	O
for	O
data	O
from	O
Affymetrix	O
,	O
cDNA	O
microarray	O
,	O
and	O
next-generation	O
high-throughput	O
sequencing	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
group	O
of	O
packages	B-Architecture
called	O
the	O
Tidyverse	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
"	O
dialect	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
R	O
language	O
,	O
is	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
among	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
strives	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
cohesive	O
collection	O
of	O
functions	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
common	O
data	O
science	O
tasks	O
,	O
including	O
data	O
import	O
,	O
cleaning	O
,	O
transformation	O
,	O
and	O
visualisation	O
(	O
notably	O
with	O
the	O
ggplot2	B-Application
package	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
and	O
interactive	O
graphics	B-Application
are	O
available	O
through	O
additional	O
packages	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
5	O
languages	O
with	O
an	O
Apache	B-Language
Spark	I-Language
API	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
and	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
developers	O
preferred	O
to	O
run	O
R	O
via	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
console	O
,	O
succeeded	O
by	O
those	O
who	O
prefer	O
an	O
IDE	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDEs	O
for	O
R	O
include	O
(	O
in	O
alphabetical	O
order	O
)	O
(	O
OSX/macOS	O
only	O
)	O
,	O
Rattle	B-Algorithm
GUI	I-Algorithm
,	O
R	B-Language
Commander	I-Language
,	O
RKWard	B-Language
,	O
RStudio	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Tinn-R	O
.	O
R	O
is	O
also	O
supported	O
in	O
multi-purpose	O
IDEs	O
such	O
as	O
Eclipse	B-Application
via	O
the	O
StatET	O
plugin	O
,	O
and	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
via	O
the	O
R	B-Application
Tools	I-Application
for	I-Application
Visual	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
these	O
,	O
RStudio	B-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statistical	O
frameworks	O
which	O
use	O
R	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
include	O
Jamovi	B-Application
and	O
JASP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Editors	O
that	O
support	O
R	O
include	O
Emacs	B-Application
,	O
Vim	B-Application
(	O
Nvim-R	O
plugin	O
)	O
,	O
Kate	B-Application
,	O
LyX	B-Language
,	O
Notepad++	B-Language
,	O
Visual	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
Code	I-Language
,	O
WinEdt	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Tinn-R	O
.	O
Jupyter	O
Notebook	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
edit	O
and	O
run	O
R	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
functionality	O
is	O
accessible	O
from	O
scripting	O
languages	O
including	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
F#	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Julia	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interfaces	O
to	O
other	O
,	O
high-level	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
like	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
.NET	B-Application
C#	I-Application
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
R	O
implementation	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
R	O
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Fortran	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Renjin	B-Algorithm
and	O
FastR	O
are	O
Java	B-Language
implementations	O
of	O
R	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
Virtual	I-Language
Machine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
CXXR	O
,	O
rho	O
,	O
and	O
Riposte	O
are	O
implementations	O
of	O
R	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Renjin	B-Algorithm
,	O
Riposte	O
,	O
and	O
pqR	O
attempt	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
by	O
using	O
multiple	O
cores	O
and	O
deferred	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TIBCO	O
,	O
who	O
previous	O
sold	O
the	O
commercial	O
implementation	O
S-PLUS	B-Application
,	O
built	O
a	O
runtime	B-Device
engine	I-Device
called	O
TERR	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Spotfire	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
Directions	O
in	O
Statistical	B-Algorithm
Computing	I-Algorithm
(	O
DSC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
endorses	O
several	O
others	O
like	O
R	O
@IIRSA	O
,	O
ConectaR	O
,	O
LatinR	O
,	O
and	O
R	O
Day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
short	O
to	O
medium-length	O
articles	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
R	O
,	O
including	O
packages	B-Architecture
,	O
programming	O
tips	O
,	O
CRAN	O
news	O
,	O
and	O
foundation	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
ran	O
an	O
article	O
charting	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
R	O
,	O
noting	O
its	O
extensibility	O
with	O
user-created	O
packages	B-Architecture
as	O
well	O
as	O
R	O
's	O
open-source	B-License
nature	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
SAS	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
supports	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
and	O
z/OS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
has	O
precompiled	O
binaries	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
with	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
compile	O
and	O
install	O
R	O
from	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
can	O
only	O
store	O
data	O
in	O
rectangular	O
data	O
sets	O
while	O
R	O
's	O
more	O
versatile	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
allow	O
it	O
to	O
perform	O
difficult	O
analysis	O
more	O
flexibly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Completely	O
integrating	O
functions	O
in	O
SAS	B-Language
requires	O
a	O
developer	O
's	O
kit	O
but	O
,	O
in	O
R	O
,	O
user-defined	B-Language
functions	I-Language
are	O
already	O
on	O
equal	O
footing	O
with	O
provided	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
technical	O
report	O
authored	O
by	O
Patrick	O
Burns	O
,	O
respondents	O
found	O
R	O
more	O
convenient	O
for	O
periodic	O
reports	O
but	O
preferred	O
SAS	B-Language
for	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
and	O
R	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
extendable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
hold	O
data	O
in	O
main	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
giving	O
a	O
performance	O
boost	O
but	O
limiting	O
data	O
both	O
can	O
handle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R	O
is	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
while	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
and	O
R	O
are	O
interpreted	B-Application
,	O
dynamically	B-Language
typed	I-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
with	O
duck	B-Application
typing	I-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
extended	O
by	O
importing	O
packages	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
while	O
R	O
is	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
doing	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
has	O
a	O
BSD-like	B-License
license	I-License
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
R	O
's	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
but	O
still	O
permits	O
modifying	O
language	O
implementation	O
and	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
R	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
project	O
,	O
some	O
companies	O
provide	O
commercial	O
support	O
and	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
additional	O
components	O
include	O
ParallelR	O
,	O
the	O
R	O
Productivity	O
Environment	O
IDE	B-Application
,	O
RevoScaleR	O
(	O
for	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
analysis	I-Application
)	O
,	O
RevoDeployR	O
,	O
web	O
services	O
framework	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
SAS	B-Language
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Revolution	O
Analytics	O
offers	O
an	O
R	O
distribution	O
designed	O
to	O
comply	O
with	O
established	O
IQ/OQ/PQ	B-Application
criteria	O
that	O
enables	O
clients	O
in	O
the	O
pharmaceutical	O
sector	O
to	O
validate	O
their	O
installation	O
of	O
REvolution	O
R	O
.	O
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Corporation	O
acquired	O
Revolution	O
Analytics	O
and	O
integrated	O
the	O
R	O
programming	O
language	O
into	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
Power	B-Application
BI	I-Application
,	O
Azure	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Managed	I-Application
Instance	I-Application
,	O
Azure	B-Application
Cortana	I-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
ML	O
Server	O
and	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2011	O
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
announced	O
the	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
Appliance	O
,	O
which	O
integrates	O
R	O
,	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
database	O
with	O
Exadata	B-Device
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
R	I-General_Concept
Enterprise	I-General_Concept
became	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
Advanced	O
Analytics	O
Option	O
"	O
(	O
alongside	O
Oracle	B-Algorithm
Data	I-Algorithm
Mining	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
offers	O
support	O
for	O
in-Hadoop	O
execution	O
of	O
R	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
a	O
programming	O
model	O
for	O
massively	O
parallel	O
in-database	O
analytics	O
in	O
R	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
examples	O
illustrate	O
the	O
basic	O
syntax	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
R	O
's	O
strengths	O
is	O
the	O
ease	O
of	O
creating	O
new	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
R	O
language	O
has	O
built-in	O
support	O
for	O
data	O
modeling	O
and	O
graphics	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Short	O
R	O
code	O
calculating	O
Mandelbrot	B-Algorithm
set	I-Algorithm
through	O
the	O
first	O
20	O
iterations	O
of	O
equation	O
z	O
=	O
z2	O
+	O
c	B-Language
plotted	O
for	O
different	O
complex	O
constants	O
c	B-Language
.	O
This	O
example	O
demonstrates	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
multidimensional	O
arrays	B-Data_Structure
of	O
numbers	O
used	O
as	O
basic	O
data	O
type	O
,	O
see	O
variables	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Z	O
,	O
and	O
X	O
.	O
</s>
