<s>
In	O
climatology	O
,	O
the	B-Application
Coupled	I-Application
Model	I-Application
Intercomparison	I-Application
Project	I-Application
(	O
CMIP	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
collaborative	O
framework	O
designed	O
to	O
improve	O
knowledge	O
of	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
developed	O
in	O
phases	O
to	O
foster	O
the	O
climate	B-Application
model	I-Application
improvements	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
support	O
national	O
and	O
international	O
assessments	O
of	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
related	O
project	O
is	O
the	O
Atmospheric	B-Application
Model	I-Application
Intercomparison	I-Application
Project	I-Application
(	O
AMIP	O
)	O
for	O
global	O
coupled	O
ocean-atmosphere	O
general	B-Application
circulation	I-Application
models	I-Application
(	O
GCMs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Program	O
for	O
Climate	B-Application
Model	I-Application
Diagnosis	O
and	O
Intercomparison	O
(	O
PCMDI	O
)	O
at	O
Lawrence	O
Livermore	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
has	O
been	O
supporting	O
the	O
several	O
CMIP	O
phases	O
by	O
helping	O
WGCM	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
by	O
maintaining	O
the	O
project	O
's	O
data	O
base	O
and	O
by	O
participating	O
in	O
data	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMIP	O
has	O
received	O
model	O
output	O
from	O
the	O
pre-industrial	O
climate	B-Application
simulations	I-Application
(	O
"	O
control	O
runs	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
1%	O
per	O
year	O
increasing-CO2	O
simulations	O
of	O
about	O
30	O
coupled	O
GCMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
2005	O
and	O
2006	O
,	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
climate	B-Application
model	I-Application
outputs	O
was	O
coordinated	O
and	O
stored	O
by	O
PCMDI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
climate	B-Application
model	I-Application
outputs	O
included	O
simulations	O
of	O
past	O
,	O
present	O
and	O
future	O
climate	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
activity	O
enabled	O
those	O
climate	B-Application
models	I-Application
,	O
outside	O
the	O
major	O
modeling	O
centers	O
to	O
perform	O
research	O
of	O
relevance	O
to	O
climate	O
scientists	O
preparing	O
the	O
IPCC	O
Fourth	O
Assessment	O
Report	O
(	O
IPCC-AR4	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
CMIP3	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
20	O
different	O
experiments	O
were	O
proposed	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
PCMDI	O
kept	O
the	O
documentation	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
global	B-Application
climate	I-Application
model	I-Application
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
phase	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
(	O
2010-2014	O
)	O
was	O
CMIP5	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMIP5	B-Application
included	O
more	O
metadata	O
describing	O
model	O
simulations	O
than	O
previous	O
phases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
METAFOR	O
project	O
created	O
an	O
exhaustive	O
schema	B-Application
describing	O
the	O
scientific	O
,	O
technical	O
,	O
and	O
numerical	O
aspects	O
of	O
CMIP	O
runs	O
which	O
was	O
archived	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
output	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
main	O
objective	O
of	O
the	O
CMIP5	B-Application
experiments	O
was	O
to	O
address	O
outstanding	O
scientific	O
questions	O
that	O
arose	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
IPCC	O
AR4	O
process	O
,	O
improve	O
understanding	O
of	O
climate	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
estimates	O
of	O
future	O
climate	O
change	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
useful	O
to	O
those	O
considering	O
its	O
possible	O
consequences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IPCC	O
Fifth	O
Assessment	O
Report	O
summarizes	O
information	O
of	O
CMIP5	B-Application
experiments	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
CMIP5	B-Application
experimental	O
protocol	O
was	O
endorsed	O
by	O
the	O
12th	O
Session	O
of	O
the	O
WCRP	O
Working	O
on	O
this	O
Group	O
on	O
Coupled	O
Modelling	O
(	O
WGCM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2018	O
CMIP6	B-Application
had	O
endorsed	O
23	O
Model	O
Intercomparison	O
Projects	O
(	O
MIPs	O
)	O
involving	O
33	O
modeling	O
groups	O
in	O
16	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
CMIP6	B-Application
has	O
been	O
extended	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
CMIP5	B-Application
by	O
providing	O
an	O
equivalent	O
framework	O
named	O
CMIP	O
Diagnostic	O
,	O
Evaluation	O
and	O
Characterization	O
of	O
Klima	O
(	O
DECK	O
)	O
(	O
klima	O
is	O
Greek	O
for	O
"	O
climate	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
Endorsed	O
MIPs	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
description	O
of	O
aspects	O
of	O
climate	B-Application
models	I-Application
beyond	O
the	O
core	O
set	O
of	O
common	O
experiments	O
included	O
in	O
DECK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMIP6	B-Application
also	O
aims	O
to	O
be	O
consistent	O
regarding	O
common	O
standards	O
and	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
allows	O
for	O
more	O
sensible	O
comparisons	O
on	O
the	O
model	O
ensemble	O
created	O
under	O
the	O
CMIP6	B-Application
umbrella	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ozone	O
Concentrations	O
and	O
Nitrogen	O
(	O
N	O
)	O
-Deposition	O
:	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
description	O
of	O
ozone	O
radiative	B-Algorithm
forcing	I-Algorithm
based	O
on	O
this	O
dataset	O
is	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
these	O
historical	O
forcings	O
,	O
CMIP6	B-Application
also	O
has	O
a	O
common	O
set	O
of	O
future	O
scenarios	O
comprising	O
land	O
use	O
and	O
emissions	O
as	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
future	O
Shared	O
Socio-Economic	O
Pathways	O
(	O
SSPs	O
)	O
which	O
have	O
replaced	O
the	O
Representative	O
Concentration	O
Pathways	O
(	O
RCPs	O
)	O
from	O
prior	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
