<s>
The	O
Core	B-Application
Infrastructure	I-Application
Initiative	I-Application
(	O
CII	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
project	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
to	O
fund	O
and	O
support	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
projects	O
that	O
are	O
critical	O
to	O
the	O
functioning	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
other	O
major	O
information	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
24	O
April	O
2014	O
in	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
Heartbleed	B-Error_Name
,	O
a	O
critical	O
security	O
bug	O
in	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
that	O
is	O
used	O
on	O
millions	O
of	O
websites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenSSL	B-Language
is	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
software	O
projects	O
to	O
be	O
funded	O
by	O
the	O
initiative	O
after	O
it	O
was	O
deemed	O
underfunded	O
,	O
receiving	O
only	O
about	O
$	O
2,000	O
per	O
year	O
in	O
donations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initiative	O
will	O
sponsor	O
two	O
full-time	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
core	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Initiative	O
offered	O
assistance	O
to	O
Chet	O
Ramey	O
,	O
the	O
maintainer	O
of	O
bash	B-Operating_System
,	O
after	O
the	O
Shellshock	O
vulnerability	O
was	O
discovered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CII	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
superseded	O
by	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Source	I-Application
Security	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenSSL	B-Language
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
implementation	O
of	O
Transport	B-Protocol
Layer	I-Protocol
Security	I-Protocol
(	O
TLS	O
)	O
,	O
allowing	O
anyone	O
to	O
inspect	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
used	O
by	O
smartphones	B-Application
running	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
some	O
Wi-Fi	O
routers	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
organizations	O
including	O
Amazon.com,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Yahoo	O
!,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
of	O
America	O
's	O
Federal	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Investigation	O
and	O
the	O
Canada	O
Revenue	O
Agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
7	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
's	O
Heartbleed	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
was	O
publicly	O
disclosed	O
and	O
fixed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vulnerability	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
shipped	O
in	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
's	O
current	O
version	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
hackers	O
to	O
retrieve	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
usernames	O
,	O
passwords	O
and	O
credit	O
card	O
numbers	O
from	O
supposedly	O
secure	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
roughly	O
17%	O
(	O
around	O
half	O
a	O
million	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
's	O
secure	O
web	O
servers	O
certified	O
by	O
trusted	B-Architecture
authorities	I-Architecture
were	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
the	O
attack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Linus	B-Application
's	I-Application
law	I-Application
,	O
from	O
Raymond	O
's	O
book	O
The	O
Cathedral	O
and	O
the	O
Bazaar	O
,	O
"	O
Given	B-Application
enough	I-Application
eyeballs	I-Application
,	O
all	O
bugs	O
are	O
shallow.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Raymond	O
stated	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
that	O
"	O
there	O
were	O
n't	O
any	O
eyeballs	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
Heartbleed	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
CII	O
funding	O
,	O
only	O
one	O
person	O
,	O
Stephen	O
Henson	O
,	O
worked	O
full-time	O
on	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
;	O
Henson	O
approved	O
well	O
over	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
updates	O
to	O
more	O
than	O
450,000	O
lines	O
of	O
the	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
's	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
Project	O
existed	O
on	O
a	O
budget	O
of	O
$	O
2,000	O
per	O
year	O
in	O
donations	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
enough	O
to	O
cover	O
the	O
electrical	O
bill	O
,	O
and	O
Steve	O
Henson	O
was	O
earning	O
around	O
$	O
20,000	O
per	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
gather	O
more	O
revenue	O
for	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
Steve	O
Marquess	O
,	O
a	O
consultant	O
for	O
the	O
Defense	O
Department	O
,	O
created	O
the	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
Software	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
maintainers	O
of	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
security-conscious	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
nearly	O
had	O
to	O
shut	O
the	O
project	O
down	O
in	O
early	O
2014	O
because	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
pay	O
the	O
electricity	O
bills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jim	B-Operating_System
Zemlin	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
executive	O
director	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
conceived	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
Core	B-Application
Infrastructure	I-Application
Initiative	I-Application
not	O
long	O
after	O
Heartbleed	B-Error_Name
was	O
announced	O
,	O
and	O
spent	O
the	O
night	O
of	O
April	O
23	O
calling	O
firms	O
for	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thirteen	O
companies	O
responded	O
and	O
joined	O
the	O
initiative	O
:	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
Cisco	O
Systems	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Fujitsu	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
NetApp	O
,	O
Rackspace	O
,	O
Qualcomm	O
and	O
VMware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
additional	O
five	O
companiesAdobe	O
Systems	O
,	O
Bloomberg	O
L.P.	O
,	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
,	O
Huawei	O
,	O
and	O
Salesforce.comhave	O
since	O
joined	O
the	O
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
money	O
that	O
the	O
CII	O
pooled	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
fund	O
specific	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
providing	O
compensation	O
to	O
developers	O
to	O
work	O
full-time	O
on	O
an	O
open-source	O
software	O
project	O
,	O
conducting	O
reviews	O
and	O
security	O
audits	O
,	O
deploying	O
test	B-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
,	O
and	O
facilitating	O
travel	O
and	O
face-to-face	O
meetings	O
among	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
