<s>
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
pixel-accurate	O
,	O
near-realtime	O
,	O
non-destructive	O
image	O
processing	O
technology	O
in	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implemented	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
QuartzCore	O
framework	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
and	O
later	O
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
provides	O
a	O
plugin-based	O
architecture	O
for	O
applying	O
filters	O
and	O
effects	O
within	O
the	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
graphics	O
rendering	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
framework	O
was	O
later	O
added	O
to	O
iOS	O
in	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
5	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
abstracts	O
the	O
pixel-level	O
manipulation	O
process	O
required	O
when	O
applying	O
a	O
filter	O
to	O
an	O
image	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
simple	O
for	O
applications	O
to	O
implement	O
image	O
transformation	O
capabilities	O
without	O
extensive	O
coding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
simple	O
implementation	O
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
applies	O
a	O
single	O
Image	O
Filter	O
to	O
the	O
pixel	O
data	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
source	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
transformed	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
Image	O
Filter	O
specifies	O
a	O
single	O
transform	O
or	O
effect	O
,	O
either	O
built	O
into	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
or	O
loaded	O
from	O
a	O
plugin	O
called	O
an	O
Image	O
Unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
can	O
apply	O
multiple	O
filters	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
image	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
applying	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
filters	O
individually	O
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
assembles	O
a	O
dynamic	O
instruction	O
pipeline	O
so	O
that	O
only	O
one	O
calculation	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
pixel	O
data	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
cumulative	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regardless	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
filters	O
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
assembles	O
the	O
code	O
for	O
this	O
instruction	O
pipeline	O
with	O
a	O
just-in-time	O
compiler	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
executed	O
by	O
either	O
the	O
CPU	O
or	O
graphics	O
card	O
's	O
GPU	O
,	O
whichever	O
can	O
perform	O
the	O
calculation	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filters	O
are	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
Kernel	O
Language	O
,	O
which	O
shares	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
commands	O
with	O
OpenGL	B-Language
Shading	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
GLSL	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
compatible	O
GPU	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
compiler	O
writes	O
the	O
instruction	O
pipeline	O
using	O
GLSL	B-Language
,	O
handling	O
buffers	O
and	O
states	O
transparently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	O
fallback	O
uses	O
the	O
vector	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
CPU	O
or	O
CPUs	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
multi-processor	O
aware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
performance	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
GLSL	B-Language
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
GPU	O
or	O
the	O
processing	O
power	O
of	O
the	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
examples	O
of	O
its	O
use	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
ripple	O
effect	O
in	O
Dashboard	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
professional	O
digital	O
photography	O
application	O
,	O
Aperture	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
,	O
any	O
application	O
that	O
implements	O
Image	O
Kit	O
can	O
utilize	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preview	B-Language
and	O
iPhoto	B-Operating_System
are	O
common	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Apple	O
added	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
to	O
iOS	O
in	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
5.0	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
Tools	I-Operating_System
include	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
Fun	O
House	O
and	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
Composer	I-Operating_System
;	O
both	O
utilize	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
plugin	O
architecture	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
that	O
of	O
Core	O
Audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
pixel	O
processing	O
provided	O
by	O
an	O
Image	O
Unit	O
is	O
performed	O
in	O
a	O
pre-multiplied	O
alpha	B-Algorithm
(	O
RGBA	O
)	O
color	O
space	O
,	O
storing	O
four	O
color	O
channels	O
:	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
blue	O
,	O
and	O
transparency	O
(	O
alpha	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
color	O
channel	O
is	O
represented	O
by	O
a	O
32-bit	O
,	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
number	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
color	O
spaces	O
of	O
lower	O
bit-depth	O
,	O
the	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
calculation	O
model	O
employed	O
by	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
provides	O
exceptional	O
performance	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
useful	O
when	O
processing	O
multiple	O
images	O
or	O
video	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
programmable	O
GPU	O
that	O
supports	O
the	O
required	O
OpenGL	O
Shader	O
(	O
GLSL	B-Language
)	O
commands	O
is	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
capable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
used	O
the	O
following	O
graphics	O
cards	O
to	O
support	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
GPU	O
processing	O
in	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
and	O
Aperture	B-Operating_System
,	O
so	O
the	O
following	O
list	O
could	O
be	O
considered	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
minimum	O
requirements	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
any	O
GPU	O
capable	O
of	O
handling	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
instructions	O
is	O
also	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
Extreme	O
capable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
requirements	O
for	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
are	O
greater	O
than	O
those	O
of	O
Quartz	B-Operating_System
Extreme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
introduced	O
over	O
100	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
has	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open	O
source	O
documentation	O
website	O
for	O
built-in	O
Core	B-Operating_System
Image	I-Operating_System
filters	O
is	O
maintained	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
