<s>
Copland	B-Application
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	O
between	O
1994	O
and	O
1996	O
but	O
never	O
commercially	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
System	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Planned	O
as	O
a	O
modern	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
aging	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
Copland	B-Application
introduced	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
preemptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
several	O
new	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
features	O
,	O
while	O
retaining	O
compatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
Mac	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
's	O
tentatively	O
planned	O
successor	O
,	O
codenamed	O
Gershwin	O
,	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
add	O
more	O
advanced	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
application-level	O
multithreading	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
next	O
several	O
years	O
,	O
previews	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
garnered	O
much	O
press	O
,	O
introducing	O
the	O
Mac	O
audience	O
to	O
basic	O
concepts	O
of	O
modern	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
design	O
such	O
as	O
object	O
orientation	O
,	O
crash-proofing	O
,	O
and	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1996	O
,	O
Gil	O
Amelio	O
stated	O
that	O
Copland	B-Application
was	O
the	O
primary	O
focus	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
aiming	O
for	O
a	O
late-year	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1996	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Copland	B-Application
was	O
canceled	O
and	O
Apple	O
would	O
look	O
outside	O
the	O
company	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
many	O
choices	O
,	O
they	O
selected	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
and	O
purchased	O
NeXT	O
in	O
1997	O
to	O
obtain	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
interim	O
period	O
,	O
while	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
was	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
a	O
much	O
more	O
legacy-oriented	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
in	O
1997	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
became	O
Apple	O
's	O
next-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
its	O
release	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
releases	O
bear	O
functional	O
or	O
cosmetic	O
influence	O
from	O
Copland	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Copland	B-Application
development	O
effort	O
can	O
be	O
described	O
by	O
pejorative	O
software	O
industry	O
terminology	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
empire	O
building	O
,	O
"	O
feature	O
creep	O
,	O
and	O
project	O
death	O
march	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
PC	O
World	O
included	O
Copland	B-Application
on	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
biggest	O
project	O
failures	O
in	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
IT	O
)	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prehistory	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
begins	O
with	O
an	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
legacy	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
architectural	O
problems	O
to	O
be	O
solved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
its	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
were	O
designed	O
from	O
the	O
start	O
as	O
a	O
single-user	O
,	O
single-tasking	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
the	O
hardware	O
development	O
to	O
be	O
greatly	O
simplified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
side	O
effect	O
of	O
this	O
single	O
application	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
Mac	O
developers	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
several	O
compromising	O
simplifications	O
that	O
allowed	O
great	O
improvements	O
in	O
performance	O
,	O
running	O
even	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
much	O
more	O
expensive	O
Lisa	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
assuming	O
only	O
one	O
program	O
would	O
be	O
running	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
engineers	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
ignore	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
reentrancy	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
a	O
program	O
(	O
or	O
code	B-Library
library	I-Library
)	O
to	O
be	O
stopped	O
at	O
any	O
point	O
,	O
asked	O
to	O
do	O
something	O
else	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
return	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
for	O
example	O
,	O
this	O
means	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
store	O
state	O
information	O
internally	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
current	O
location	O
of	O
the	O
window	O
or	O
the	O
line	O
style	O
,	O
knowing	O
it	O
would	O
only	O
change	O
under	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
running	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taking	O
this	O
one	O
step	O
further	O
,	O
the	O
engineers	O
left	O
most	O
of	O
this	O
state	O
inside	O
the	O
application	O
rather	O
than	O
in	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
,	O
thus	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
copy	O
this	O
data	O
between	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
found	O
this	O
data	O
by	O
looking	O
at	O
known	O
locations	O
within	O
the	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
an	O
application	O
program	O
writes	O
incorrect	O
data	O
into	O
these	O
shared	O
locations	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
cause	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
to	O
crash	O
,	O
thereby	O
causing	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
crash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
any	O
problem	O
in	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
could	O
cause	O
it	O
to	O
overwrite	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
application	O
,	O
once	O
again	O
leading	O
to	O
crashes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
single-application	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
this	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
fatal	O
limitation	O
,	O
because	O
in	O
that	O
case	O
a	O
problem	O
in	O
either	O
would	O
require	O
the	O
application	O
,	O
or	O
computer	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
restarted	O
anyway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
main	O
issue	O
was	O
that	O
early	O
Macs	O
lack	O
a	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
MMU	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
precludes	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
several	O
fundamental	O
modern	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
MMU	O
provides	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
programs	O
cannot	O
accidentally	O
overwrite	O
other	O
program	O
's	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
provisions	O
shared	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
that	O
allows	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
passed	O
among	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lacking	O
shared	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
API	O
was	O
instead	O
written	O
so	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
application	O
shares	O
all	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
what	O
allows	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
to	O
examine	O
the	O
application	O
's	O
memory	O
for	O
settings	O
like	O
the	O
line	O
drawing	O
mode	O
or	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
limits	O
meant	O
that	O
supporting	O
the	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
of	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
program	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
would	O
be	O
difficult	O
,	O
without	O
rewriting	O
all	O
of	O
this	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
application	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
foreground	O
are	O
periodically	O
given	O
short	O
bits	O
of	O
time	O
to	O
run	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
before	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
process	O
is	O
controlled	O
by	O
the	O
applications	O
,	O
not	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
applications	O
all	O
share	O
one	O
memory	O
space	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
for	O
a	O
bug	O
in	O
any	O
one	O
of	O
them	O
to	O
corrupt	O
the	O
entire	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
crash	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adding	O
greatly	O
to	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
the	O
problem	O
is	O
the	O
patching	O
mechanism	O
used	O
to	O
add	O
functions	O
to	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
known	O
as	O
CDEVs	B-Operating_System
and	O
INITs	B-Operating_System
or	O
Control	B-Operating_System
Panels	I-Operating_System
and	O
Extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third	O
party	O
developers	O
also	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
this	O
mechanism	O
to	O
add	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
screensavers	B-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
hierarchical	O
Apple	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
third-party	O
control	B-Operating_System
panels	I-Operating_System
became	O
almost	O
universal	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
popular	O
After	B-Operating_System
Dark	I-Operating_System
screensaver	B-General_Concept
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
was	O
designed	O
to	O
consist	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
named	O
Nukernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
would	O
handle	O
basic	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
application	O
startup	O
and	O
memory	O
management	O
,	O
leaving	O
all	O
other	O
tasks	O
to	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
semi-special	O
programs	O
known	O
as	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
networking	O
and	O
file	O
services	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
kernel	O
itself	O
,	O
but	O
by	O
servers	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
sent	O
requests	O
through	O
interapplication	B-Operating_System
communications	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
consists	O
of	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
Nukernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
various	O
servers	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
application	O
support	O
libraries	O
to	O
provide	O
implementations	O
of	O
the	O
well-known	O
classic	O
Macintosh	B-Device
programming	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
services	O
are	O
offered	O
through	O
a	O
single	O
program	O
known	O
officially	O
as	O
the	O
Cooperative	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Toolbox	O
environment	O
,	O
but	O
universally	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
Blue	O
Box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Blue	O
Box	O
encapsulates	O
an	O
existing	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
inside	O
a	O
single	O
process	O
and	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	O
programs	O
run	O
inside	O
the	O
Blue	O
Box	O
much	O
as	O
they	O
do	O
under	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
cooperative	O
tasks	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
non-reentrant	O
Toolbox	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
applications	O
written	O
with	O
Copland	B-Application
in	O
mind	O
,	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
directly	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
servers	O
and	O
thereby	O
gain	O
many	O
advantages	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
performance	O
and	O
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
also	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
kernel	O
to	O
launch	O
separate	O
applications	O
or	O
threads	O
,	O
which	O
run	O
as	O
separate	O
processes	O
in	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
in	O
most	O
modern	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
separate	O
applications	O
cannot	O
use	O
non-reentrant	O
calls	O
like	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
,	O
however	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
could	O
have	O
no	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
suggested	O
that	O
larger	O
programs	O
could	O
place	O
their	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
in	O
a	O
normal	O
Macintosh	B-Device
application	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
then	O
start	O
worker	O
threads	O
externally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
key	O
feature	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
is	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
fully	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
(	O
PPC	O
)	O
native	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
with	O
great	O
success	O
;	O
large	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
run	O
as	O
PPC	O
code	O
,	O
including	O
both	O
high-level	O
functions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
toolbox	O
managers	O
,	O
and	O
low-level	O
functions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
interrupt	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
enough	O
68k	O
code	O
left	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
emulation	O
,	O
and	O
especially	O
user	O
applications	O
,	O
however	O
that	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
must	O
map	O
some	O
data	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
every	O
call	O
into	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
requires	O
a	O
mapping	O
between	O
the	O
interrupt	O
systems	O
of	O
the	O
68k	O
and	O
PPC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
is	O
also	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
then-recently	O
defined	O
Common	B-Device
Hardware	I-Device
Reference	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
,	O
or	O
CHRP	O
,	O
which	O
standardized	O
the	O
Mac	O
hardware	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
built	O
by	O
different	O
companies	O
and	O
can	O
run	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
Solaris	B-Application
and	O
AIX	B-Application
were	O
two	O
of	O
many	O
mentioned	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
common	O
theme	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
;	O
many	O
companies	O
were	O
forming	O
groups	O
to	O
define	O
standardized	O
platforms	O
to	O
offer	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Wintel	B-Device
"	O
platform	O
that	O
was	O
rapidly	O
becoming	O
dominant	O
—	O
examples	O
include	O
88open	O
,	O
Advanced	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
Environment	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
AIM	O
alliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
to	O
challenge	O
Copland	B-Application
's	O
development	O
and	O
adoption	O
would	O
be	O
getting	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
functions	O
to	O
fit	O
into	O
an	O
ordinary	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
is	O
two	O
systems	O
in	O
one	O
,	O
as	O
its	O
native	O
foundation	O
also	O
hosts	O
Blue	O
Box	O
,	O
containing	O
essentially	O
a	O
complete	O
copy	O
of	O
System	O
7.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copland	B-Application
thus	O
uses	O
a	O
Mach-inspired	O
memory	O
management	O
system	O
and	O
relies	O
extensively	O
on	O
shared	O
libraries	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
being	O
for	O
Copland	B-Application
to	O
be	O
only	O
some	O
50%	O
larger	O
than	O
7.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1988	O
,	O
technical	O
middle	O
managers	O
at	O
Apple	O
held	O
an	O
offsite	O
meeting	O
to	O
plan	O
the	O
future	O
course	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ideas	O
were	O
written	O
on	O
index	O
cards	O
;	O
features	O
that	O
seemed	O
simple	O
enough	O
to	O
implement	O
in	O
the	O
short	O
term	O
(	O
like	O
adding	O
color	O
to	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
)	O
were	O
written	O
on	O
blue	O
cards	O
;	O
longer-term	O
goals	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
preemptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
—	O
were	O
on	O
pink	B-Operating_System
cards	O
;	O
and	O
long-range	O
ideas	O
like	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
were	O
on	O
red	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
the	O
ideas	O
contained	O
on	O
the	O
blue	O
and	O
pink	B-Operating_System
cards	O
was	O
to	O
proceed	O
in	O
parallel	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
first	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
projects	O
were	O
known	O
simply	O
as	O
"	O
blue	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
pink	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
intended	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
"	O
blue	O
"	O
team	O
(	O
who	O
came	O
to	O
call	O
themselves	O
the	O
"	O
Blue	O
Meanies	O
"	O
after	O
characters	O
in	O
the	O
film	O
Yellow	O
Submarine	O
)	O
release	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
existing	O
Macintosh	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
1990	O
–	O
1991	O
timeframe	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
team	O
to	O
release	O
an	O
all-new	O
OS	O
around	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Blue	O
team	O
delivered	O
what	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
on	O
May	O
13	O
,	O
1991	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
team	O
suffered	O
from	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
and	O
its	O
release	O
date	O
continued	O
to	O
slip	O
into	O
the	O
indefinite	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
reason	O
for	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
traced	O
to	O
problems	O
that	O
would	O
become	O
widespread	O
at	O
Apple	O
as	O
time	O
went	O
on	O
;	O
as	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
became	O
delayed	O
,	O
its	O
engineers	O
moved	O
to	O
Blue	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
left	O
the	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
team	O
constantly	O
struggling	O
for	O
staffing	O
,	O
and	O
suffering	O
from	O
the	O
problems	O
associated	O
with	O
high	O
employee	O
turnover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
recently	O
released	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
was	O
generating	O
intense	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
developer	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
that	O
were	O
originally	O
part	O
of	O
Red	O
,	O
were	O
folded	O
into	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
Red	O
project	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Raptor	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
eventually	O
canceled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
,	O
development	O
eventually	O
slowed	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
appeared	O
moribund	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
12	O
,	O
1991	O
,	O
Apple	O
CEO	B-Application
John	O
Sculley	O
performed	O
a	O
secret	O
demonstration	O
of	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
running	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
PS/2	I-Device
Model	O
70	O
to	O
a	O
delegation	O
from	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
not	O
fully	O
functional	O
,	O
it	O
resembled	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
running	O
on	O
a	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
efforts	O
became	O
public	O
in	O
early	O
1992	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
new	O
name	O
"	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
Sculley	O
summed	O
up	O
his	O
concerns	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
ability	O
to	O
ship	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
when	O
he	O
stated	O
"	O
We	O
want	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
major	O
player	O
in	O
the	O
computer	B-General_Concept
industry	I-General_Concept
,	O
not	O
a	O
niche	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infighting	O
at	O
the	O
new	O
joint	O
company	O
was	O
legendary	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
problems	O
with	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
within	O
Apple	O
soon	O
appeared	O
to	O
be	O
minor	O
in	O
comparison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
continued	O
working	O
alone	O
with	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
released	O
its	O
application	O
development	O
portions	O
under	O
the	O
new	O
name	O
"	O
CommonPoint	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
efforts	O
continued	O
,	O
very	O
little	O
work	O
addressing	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
OS	O
was	O
carried	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
new	O
projects	O
started	O
during	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
notably	O
the	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
project	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
basic	O
applications	O
to	O
Intel-compatible	O
x86	O
machines	O
,	O
which	O
reached	O
internal	O
demo	O
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
as	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
still	O
a	O
concern	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
difficult	O
for	O
new	O
OS	O
projects	O
to	O
gain	O
any	O
traction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
major	O
new	O
packages	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
;	O
among	O
them	O
are	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
GX	I-Operating_System
,	O
Open	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
,	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
,	O
PowerTalk	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
these	O
were	O
larger	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
stability	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
collapsed	O
,	O
the	O
ready	O
answer	O
was	O
that	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
would	O
fix	O
this	O
with	O
all	O
its	O
modern	O
foundation	O
of	O
full	O
reentrance	O
,	O
preemptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
efforts	O
collapsed	O
,	O
Apple	O
remained	O
with	O
an	O
aging	O
OS	O
and	O
no	O
designated	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1994	O
,	O
the	O
press	O
buzz	O
surrounding	O
the	O
upcoming	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
started	O
to	O
crescendo	O
,	O
often	O
questioning	O
Apple	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
challenge	O
it	O
presented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
this	O
pressure	O
,	O
the	O
collapse	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
growing	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
existing	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
System	O
7.5	O
in	O
late	O
1994	O
,	O
Apple	O
management	O
decided	O
that	O
the	O
decade-old	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
had	O
run	O
its	O
course	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
first	O
stage	O
,	O
the	O
existing	O
system	O
would	O
be	O
moved	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
kernel-based	O
OS	O
with	O
built-in	O
support	O
for	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
and	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
existing	O
libraries	O
,	O
like	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
,	O
would	O
take	O
too	O
long	O
to	O
be	O
rewritten	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
system	O
and	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
be	O
reentrant	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
paravirtualized	O
machine	O
,	O
the	O
Blue	O
Box	O
,	O
keeps	O
applications	O
and	O
legacy	O
code	O
such	O
as	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
single	O
memory	O
block	O
so	O
they	O
continue	O
to	O
run	O
as	O
they	O
had	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blue	O
Box	O
runs	O
in	O
a	O
distinct	O
Copland	B-Application
memory	O
space	O
,	O
so	O
crashing	O
legacy	O
applications	O
or	O
extensions	O
within	O
Blue	O
Box	O
cannot	O
crash	O
the	O
entire	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
musical	O
code-naming	O
pattern	O
where	O
System	O
7.5	O
is	O
code-named	O
"	O
Mozart	O
"	O
,	O
this	O
intended	O
successor	O
is	O
named	O
"	O
Copland	B-Application
"	O
after	O
composer	O
Aaron	O
Copland	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Copland	B-Application
project	O
was	O
first	O
announced	O
by	O
David	O
Nagel	O
in	O
May	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
most	O
notably	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
were	O
demonstrated	O
at	O
Apple	O
's	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
in	O
May	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
promised	O
that	O
a	O
beta	O
release	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
would	O
be	O
ready	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
,	O
for	O
final	O
commercial	O
release	O
in	O
early	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
had	O
happened	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
during	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Pink	B-Operating_System
,	O
developers	O
within	O
Apple	O
soon	O
started	O
abandoning	O
their	O
own	O
projects	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
new	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Middle	O
management	O
and	O
project	O
leaders	O
fought	O
back	O
by	O
claiming	O
that	O
their	O
project	O
was	O
vital	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
moving	O
it	O
into	O
the	O
Copland	B-Application
development	O
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
canceled	O
along	O
with	O
their	O
employees	O
being	O
removed	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
some	O
other	O
part	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
anyway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
the	O
project	O
looked	O
less	O
like	O
a	O
new	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
more	O
like	O
a	O
huge	O
collection	O
of	O
new	O
technologies	O
;	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
GX	I-Operating_System
,	O
System	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
SOM	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
became	O
core	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
while	O
completely	O
unrelated	O
technologies	O
like	O
a	O
new	O
file	O
management	O
dialog	O
box	O
(	O
the	O
open	O
dialog	O
)	O
and	O
themes	B-Operating_System
support	O
appeared	O
also	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
"	O
package	O
"	O
grew	O
,	O
testing	O
it	O
became	O
increasingly	O
difficult	O
and	O
engineers	O
were	O
commenting	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1995	O
that	O
Apple	O
's	O
announced	O
1996	O
release	O
date	O
was	O
hopelessly	O
optimistic	O
:	O
"	O
There	O
's	O
no	O
way	O
in	O
hell	O
Copland	B-Application
ships	O
next	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-1996	O
,	O
information	O
was	O
leaked	O
that	O
Copland	B-Application
would	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
applications	O
written	O
for	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneously	O
allegedly	O
confirmed	O
by	O
Copland	B-Application
engineers	O
and	O
authoritatively	O
denied	O
by	O
Copland	B-Application
project	O
management	O
,	O
this	O
feature	O
had	O
supposedly	O
been	O
in	O
development	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
three	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
user	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
told	O
about	O
these	O
plans	O
by	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Copland	B-Application
development	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
WWDC	O
1996	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
new	O
CEO	B-Application
,	O
Gil	O
Amelio	O
,	O
used	O
the	O
keynote	O
to	O
talk	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
about	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
System	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
various	O
pieces	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
and	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
would	O
go	O
into	O
the	O
package	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
file	O
management	O
dialog	O
)	O
were	O
demonstrated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Little	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
system	O
's	O
technology	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
that	O
had	O
been	O
shown	O
a	O
year	O
earlier	O
was	O
absent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
one	O
way	O
to	O
actually	O
use	O
the	O
new	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
–	O
by	O
signing	O
up	O
for	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
developer	O
labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
people	O
at	O
the	O
show	O
complained	O
about	O
the	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
's	O
lack	O
of	O
sophistication	O
,	O
notably	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
symmetric	B-Operating_System
multiprocessing	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
exceedingly	O
difficult	O
to	O
add	O
to	O
a	O
system	O
due	O
to	O
ship	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
groups	O
most	O
surprised	O
by	O
the	O
announcement	O
was	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
hardware	O
team	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
been	O
waiting	O
for	O
Copland	B-Application
to	O
allow	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
to	O
be	O
natively	O
represented	O
,	O
unburdened	O
of	O
software	O
legacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amelio	O
complained	O
that	O
Copland	B-Application
was	O
"	O
just	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
separate	O
pieces	O
,	O
each	O
being	O
worked	O
on	O
by	O
a	O
different	O
team	O
...	O
that	O
were	O
expected	O
to	O
magically	O
come	O
together	O
somehow.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Hoping	O
to	O
salvage	O
the	O
situation	O
,	O
Amelio	O
hired	O
Ellen	O
Hancock	O
away	O
from	O
National	O
Semiconductor	O
to	O
take	O
over	O
engineering	O
from	O
Ike	O
Nassi	O
and	O
get	O
Copland	B-Application
development	O
back	O
on	O
track	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
on	O
the	O
job	O
,	O
Hancock	O
came	O
to	O
the	O
conclusion	O
that	O
the	O
situation	O
was	O
hopeless	O
;	O
given	O
current	O
development	O
and	O
engineering	O
,	O
she	O
believed	O
Copland	B-Application
would	O
never	O
ship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
she	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	O
various	O
user-facing	O
technologies	O
in	O
Copland	B-Application
be	O
rolled	O
out	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
staged	O
releases	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
big	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
address	O
the	O
aging	O
infrastructure	O
underneath	O
these	O
technologies	O
,	O
Amelio	O
suggested	O
looking	O
outside	O
the	O
company	O
for	O
an	O
unrelated	O
new	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Candidates	O
considered	O
were	O
Sun	O
's	O
Solaris	B-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hancock	O
reportedly	O
was	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
going	O
with	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
while	O
Amelio	O
preferred	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amelio	O
even	O
reportedly	O
called	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
to	O
discuss	O
the	O
idea	O
,	O
and	O
Gates	O
promised	O
to	O
put	O
Microsoft	O
engineers	O
to	O
work	O
porting	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
to	O
NT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
officially	O
canceled	O
Copland	B-Application
in	O
August	O
1996	O
and	O
reused	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
product	O
name	O
for	O
codename	O
Tempo	O
,	O
a	O
Copland-inspired	O
major	O
update	O
to	O
Mac	O
OS	O
7.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
to	O
port	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
platform	O
was	O
named	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
and	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
inherit	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
's	O
existing	O
support	O
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
Intel	O
x86	O
,	O
and	O
DEC	B-Device
Alpha	I-Device
CPU	O
architectures	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
libraries	O
running	O
on	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
in	O
effect	O
open	O
the	O
Windows	O
application	O
market	O
to	O
Macintosh	B-Device
developers	O
as	O
they	O
could	O
license	O
the	O
library	O
from	O
Apple	O
for	O
distribution	O
with	O
their	O
product	O
,	O
or	O
depend	O
on	O
an	O
existing	O
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
Hancock	O
's	O
plan	O
,	O
development	O
of	O
System	O
7.5	O
continued	O
,	O
with	O
several	O
technologies	O
originally	O
slated	O
for	O
Copland	B-Application
being	O
incorporated	O
into	O
the	O
base	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stability	O
and	O
performance	O
were	O
improved	O
by	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
7.6	O
,	O
which	O
dropped	O
the	O
"	O
System	O
"	O
moniker	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
"	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
many	O
features	O
developed	O
for	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
new	O
multithreaded	O
Finder	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
themes	B-Operating_System
(	O
the	O
default	O
Platinum	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
only	O
theme	O
included	O
)	O
were	O
rolled	O
into	O
the	O
unreleased	O
beta	O
of	O
Mac	O
OS	O
7.7	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
instead	O
rebranded	O
and	O
launched	O
as	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
return	O
of	O
Jobs	O
,	O
this	O
rebranding	O
to	O
version	O
8	O
also	O
allowed	O
Apple	O
to	O
exploit	O
a	O
legal	O
loophole	O
to	O
terminate	O
third-party	O
manufacturers	O
 '	O
licenses	O
to	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
and	O
effectively	O
shut	O
down	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	I-Device
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.1	O
finally	O
added	O
the	O
new	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
Mac	O
OS	O
8.6	O
updated	O
the	O
nanokernel	O
to	O
handle	O
limited	O
support	O
for	O
preemptive	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
interface	O
is	O
Multiprocessing	B-Operating_System
Services	I-Operating_System
2.x	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
process	O
separation	O
and	O
the	O
system	O
still	O
uses	O
cooperative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
between	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
project	O
was	O
canceled	O
after	O
several	O
Developer	O
Preview	O
releases	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
running	O
on	O
non-Macintosh	O
platforms	O
was	O
dropped	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
eventually	O
released	O
as	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
this	O
foundation	O
was	O
coupled	O
to	O
the	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
library	O
and	O
Aqua	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
form	O
the	O
modern	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
prior	O
to	O
the	O
Intel	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
(	O
Tiger	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
use	O
the	O
rootless	O
Blue	O
Box	O
concept	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
Classic	O
to	O
run	O
applications	O
written	O
for	O
older	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
features	O
originally	O
seen	O
in	O
Copland	B-Application
demos	O
,	O
including	O
its	O
advanced	O
Find	O
command	O
,	O
built-in	O
Internet	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
piles	O
of	O
folders	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
video-conferencing	B-Application
,	O
have	O
reappeared	O
in	O
subsequent	O
releases	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
as	O
Spotlight	B-Application
,	O
Safari	B-Application
,	O
Stacks	O
,	O
and	O
iChat	B-Protocol
AV	I-Protocol
,	O
respectively	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
implementation	O
and	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
for	O
each	O
feature	O
is	O
very	O
different	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
documentation	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Developer	O
Release	O
,	O
Copland	B-Application
supports	O
the	O
following	O
hardware	O
configurations	O
:	O
</s>
