<s>
Copernicus	O
is	O
the	O
Earth	O
observation	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
Space	O
Programme	O
,	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
and	O
implemented	O
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
the	O
EU	O
Member	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Space	O
Agency	O
(	O
ESA	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Organisation	O
for	O
the	O
Exploitation	O
of	O
Meteorological	O
Satellites	B-Application
(	O
EUMETSAT	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Centre	O
for	O
Medium-Range	O
Weather	O
Forecasts	O
(	O
ECMWF	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Joint	O
Research	O
Centre	O
(	O
JRC	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Environment	O
Agency	O
(	O
EEA	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Maritime	O
Safety	O
Agency	O
(	O
EMSA	O
)	O
,	O
Frontex	O
,	O
SatCen	O
and	O
Mercator	O
Océan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2021	O
,	O
Copernicus	O
is	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
EU	O
Space	O
Programme	O
,	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
bolsters	O
the	O
EU	O
Space	O
policy	O
in	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
Earth	O
Observation	O
,	O
Satellite	B-Application
Navigation	O
,	O
Connectivity	O
,	O
Space	O
Research	O
and	O
Innovation	O
and	O
supports	O
investments	O
in	O
critical	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
disruptive	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
objective	O
for	O
Copernicus	O
is	O
to	O
use	O
vast	O
amount	O
of	O
global	O
data	O
from	O
satellites	B-Application
and	O
from	O
ground-based	O
,	O
airborne	O
and	O
seaborne	O
measurement	O
systems	O
to	O
produce	O
timely	O
and	O
quality	O
information	O
,	O
services	O
and	O
knowledge	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
autonomous	O
and	O
independent	O
access	O
to	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
domains	O
of	O
environment	O
and	O
security	O
on	O
a	O
global	O
level	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
help	O
service	O
providers	O
,	O
public	O
authorities	O
and	O
other	O
international	O
organizations	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
for	O
the	O
citizens	O
of	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
it	O
pulls	O
together	O
all	O
the	O
information	O
obtained	O
by	O
the	O
Copernicus	O
environmental	O
satellites	B-Application
,	O
air	O
and	O
ground	O
stations	O
and	O
sensors	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
picture	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
health	O
"	O
of	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
the	O
Copernicus	B-General_Concept
programme	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
information	O
produced	O
in	O
the	O
framework	O
of	O
Copernicus	O
are	O
made	O
available	O
free-of-charge	O
to	O
all	O
its	O
users	O
and	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
thus	O
allowing	O
downstream	O
services	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
space	O
component	O
(	O
observation	O
satellites	B-Application
and	O
associated	O
ground	O
segment	O
with	O
missions	O
observing	O
land	O
,	O
atmospheric	O
and	O
oceanographic	O
parameters	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
comprises	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
missions	O
,	O
ESA	O
's	O
five	O
families	O
of	O
dedicated	O
Sentinel	O
(	O
space	O
missions	O
)	O
and	O
missions	O
from	O
other	O
space	O
agencies	O
,	O
called	O
Contributing	O
Missions	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
ESA	O
as	O
a	O
main	O
partner	O
has	O
performed	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
oversees	O
and	O
co-funds	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Sentinel	O
missions	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
5	O
and	O
6	O
with	O
each	O
Sentinel	O
mission	O
consisting	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
2	O
satellites	B-Application
and	O
some	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Sentinel	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
4	O
satellites	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
will	O
also	O
provide	O
the	O
instruments	O
for	O
Meteosat	O
Third	O
Generation	O
and	O
MetOp-SG	O
weather	O
satellites	B-Application
of	O
EUMETSAT	O
where	O
ESA	O
and	O
EUMETSAT	O
will	O
also	O
coordinate	O
the	O
delivery	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
upwards	O
of	O
30	O
satellites	B-Application
that	O
form	O
the	O
contributing	O
satellite	B-Application
missions	O
to	O
Copernicus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Copernicus	B-General_Concept
programme	I-General_Concept
was	O
established	O
by	O
the	O
Regulation	O
(	O
EU	O
)	O
No	O
377/2014	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
building	O
on	O
the	O
previous	O
EU	O
's	O
Earth	O
monitoring	O
initiative	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
(	O
established	O
by	O
Regulation	O
(	O
EU	O
)	O
No	O
911/2010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
for	O
a	O
global	O
and	O
continuous	O
European	O
Earth	O
observation	O
system	O
was	O
developed	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
Global	B-General_Concept
Monitoring	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Environment	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Security	I-General_Concept
(	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
)	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
re-branded	O
into	O
Copernicus	O
after	O
the	O
EU	O
became	O
directly	O
involved	O
in	O
financing	O
and	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
follows	O
and	O
greatly	O
expands	O
on	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
the	O
previous	O
€2.3	O
billion	O
European	O
Envisat	B-Algorithm
programme	O
which	O
operated	O
from	O
2002	O
to	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
19	O
May	O
1998	O
:	O
institutions	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
space	O
activities	O
in	O
Europe	O
give	O
birth	O
to	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
through	O
a	O
declaration	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
The	O
Baveno	O
Manifesto	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
stands	O
for	O
"	O
Global	O
Monitoring	O
for	O
Environmental	O
Security	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Year	O
1999	O
:	O
the	O
name	O
is	O
changed	O
to	O
"	O
Global	B-General_Concept
Monitoring	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Environment	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Security	I-General_Concept
"	O
(	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
thus	O
illustrating	O
that	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
the	O
environment	O
also	O
has	O
security	O
implications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001	O
:	O
at	O
the	O
occasion	O
of	O
the	O
Gothenburg	O
Summit	O
,	O
the	O
Heads	O
of	O
State	O
and	O
Government	O
request	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
Community	O
contribute	O
to	O
establishing	O
by	O
2008	O
a	O
European	O
capacity	O
for	O
Global	B-General_Concept
Monitoring	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Environment	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Security	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
2002	O
:	O
the	O
nature	O
and	O
scope	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Security	O
"	O
component	O
of	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
are	O
defined	O
as	O
addressing	O
prevention	O
of	O
and	O
response	O
to	O
crises	O
related	O
to	O
natural	O
and	O
technological	O
risk	O
,	O
humanitarian	O
aid	O
and	O
international	O
cooperation	O
,	O
monitoring	O
of	O
compliance	O
with	O
international	O
treaties	O
for	O
conflict	O
prevention	O
,	O
humanitarian	O
and	O
rescue	O
tasks	O
,	O
peacekeeping	O
tasks	O
and	O
surveillance	O
of	O
EU	O
borders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
February	O
2004	O
:	O
the	O
Commission	O
Communication	O
"	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
:	O
Establishing	O
a	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
capacity	O
by	O
2008	O
"	O
introduces	O
an	O
Action	O
Plan	O
aimed	O
at	O
establishing	O
a	O
working	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
capacity	O
by	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
a	O
Framework	O
Agreement	O
is	O
also	O
signed	O
between	O
EC	O
and	O
ESA	O
,	O
thus	O
providing	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
a	O
space	O
component	O
of	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2005	O
:	O
the	O
Commission	O
Communication	O
"	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
:	O
From	O
Concept	O
to	O
Reality	O
"	O
establishes	O
priorities	O
for	O
the	O
roll-out	O
of	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
services	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
initial	O
focus	O
being	O
on	O
land	O
monitoring	O
,	O
marine	O
monitoring	O
and	O
emergency	O
response	O
services	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Fast	O
Track	O
Services	O
(	O
FTS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
services	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Pilot	O
Services	O
,	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
address	O
atmosphere	B-General_Concept
monitoring	I-General_Concept
,	O
security	O
and	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
2006	O
:	O
the	O
EC	O
establishes	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
Bureau	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
primary	O
objective	O
of	O
ensuring	O
the	O
delivery	O
of	O
the	O
priority	O
services	O
by	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
objectives	O
of	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
Bureau	O
are	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
issues	O
of	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
governance	O
structure	O
and	O
the	O
long-term	O
financial	O
sustainability	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2007	O
:	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Space	O
Policy	O
Communication	O
,	O
recognising	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
major	O
flagship	O
of	O
the	O
Space	O
Policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2008	O
:	O
official	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
FTS	O
services	O
and	O
two	O
Pilot	O
services	O
in	O
their	O
pre-operational	O
version	O
at	O
the	O
occasion	O
of	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
Forum	O
held	O
in	O
Lille	O
,	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2008	O
:	O
the	O
Commission	O
Communication	O
"	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
:	O
We	O
care	O
for	O
a	O
Safer	O
Planet	O
"	O
establishes	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
further	O
discussions	O
on	O
the	O
financing	O
,	O
operational	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
effective	O
management	O
of	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2009	O
:	O
the	O
Commission	O
Proposal	O
for	O
a	O
Regulation	O
on	O
"	O
the	O
European	O
Earth	O
Observation	O
Programme	O
(	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
its	O
initial	O
operations	O
(	O
2011-2013	O
)	O
"	O
proposes	O
a	O
legal	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
programme	O
and	O
EC	O
funding	O
of	O
its	O
initial	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2010	O
:	O
the	O
regulation	O
on	O
"	O
the	O
European	O
Earth	O
Observation	O
Programme	O
(	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
its	O
initial	O
operations	O
(	O
2011-2013	O
)	O
"	O
entered	O
into	O
force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
document	O
,	O
the	O
Commission	O
proposes	O
to	O
foresee	O
the	O
funding	O
of	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
programme	O
outside	O
the	O
multiannual	O
financial	O
framework	O
after	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2011	O
:	O
The	O
Commission	O
Communication	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
European	O
Earth	O
monitoring	O
programme	O
(	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
its	O
operations	O
(	O
from	O
2014	O
onwards	O
)	O
"	O
presents	O
the	O
commission	O
's	O
proposals	O
for	O
the	O
future	O
funding	O
,	O
governance	O
and	O
operations	O
of	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
programme	O
for	O
the	O
period	O
2014	O
–	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
Commission	O
proposes	O
to	O
opt	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
fund	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
model	O
chosen	O
for	O
the	O
European	O
Development	O
Fund	O
,	O
with	O
financial	O
contributions	O
from	O
all	O
Member	O
States	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
gross	O
national	O
income	O
(	O
GNI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
2012	O
:	O
The	O
Emergency	O
Management	O
Service	O
–	O
Mapping	O
(	O
"	O
EMS-Mapping	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
declared	O
the	O
first	O
fully	O
operational	O
service	O
within	O
the	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
Initial	O
Operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
2014	O
:	O
ESA	O
and	O
European	O
Commission	O
have	O
established	O
a	O
budget	O
for	O
Copernicus	B-General_Concept
Programme	I-General_Concept
covering	O
years	O
2014-2020	O
within	O
Multiannual	O
Financial	O
Framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Budget	O
provided	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
€4.3	O
billion	O
,	O
including	O
€3.15	O
billion	O
for	O
ESA	O
to	O
cover	O
operations	O
of	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
network	O
and	O
construction	O
of	O
the	O
remaining	O
satellites	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESA	O
is	O
currently	O
developing	O
seven	O
missions	O
under	O
the	O
Sentinel	O
programme	O
(	O
Sentinel	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
,	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
5P	O
,	O
5	O
,	O
6	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
Sentinel	O
mission	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
constellation	O
of	O
two	O
satellites	B-Application
to	O
fulfill	O
and	O
revisit	O
the	O
coverage	O
requirements	O
for	O
each	O
mission	O
,	O
providing	O
robust	O
datasets	O
for	O
all	O
Copernicus	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-1	B-Algorithm
provides	O
all-weather	O
,	O
day	O
and	O
night	O
radar	O
imaging	O
for	O
land	O
and	O
ocean	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-1A	B-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
was	O
successfully	O
launched	O
on	O
3	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
by	O
a	O
Soyuz	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
Centre	O
Spatial	O
Guyanais	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-1B	B-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
was	O
launched	O
on	O
25	O
April	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
satellites	B-Application
launched	O
aboard	O
Vega	O
rockets	O
from	O
Centre	O
Spatial	O
Guyanais	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-3	B-Algorithm
provides	O
ocean	O
and	O
global	O
land	O
monitoring	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
satellites	B-Application
were	O
launched	O
by	O
a	O
Eurockot	O
Rokot	O
vehicle	O
from	O
the	O
Plesetsk	O
Cosmodrome	O
in	O
Russia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-3A	B-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
was	O
launched	O
on	O
16	O
February	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-3B	B-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
followed	O
on	O
25	O
April	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-4	B-General_Concept
will	O
provide	O
data	O
for	O
atmospheric	O
composition	O
monitoring	O
as	O
a	O
payload	O
upon	O
a	O
Meteosat	O
Third	O
Generation	O
satellite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
purpose	O
of	O
this	O
mission	O
is	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
data	O
gap	O
(	O
especially	O
SCIAMACHY	B-Algorithm
atmospheric	O
observations	O
)	O
between	O
the	O
loss	O
of	O
Envisat	B-Algorithm
in	O
2012	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
Sentinel-5	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-6	B-Algorithm
is	O
intended	O
to	O
provide	O
continuity	O
in	O
high	O
precision	O
altimetry	O
sea	O
level	O
measurements	O
following	O
the	O
Jason-3	O
satellite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-6A	B-Algorithm
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
November	O
2020	O
by	O
a	O
SpaceX	O
Falcon	O
9	O
vehicle	O
from	O
Vandenberg	O
SLC-4E	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sentinel-6B	B-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
scheduled	O
for	O
launch	O
in	O
November	O
2025	O
by	O
a	O
SpaceX	O
Falcon	O
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
missions	O
are	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
Contributing	O
Missions	O
(	O
GCMs	O
)	O
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ERS	B-Algorithm
:	O
the	O
European	B-Algorithm
Remote	I-Algorithm
Sensing	I-Algorithm
Satellite	I-Algorithm
ERS-1	B-Algorithm
(	O
1991-2000	O
)	O
was	O
ESA	O
's	O
first	O
Earth	O
observation	O
satellite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ERS-2	O
(	O
1995-2011	O
)	O
provided	O
data	O
related	O
to	O
ocean	O
surface	O
temperature	O
,	O
winds	O
at	O
sea	O
and	O
atmospheric	O
ozone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Envisat	B-Algorithm
(	O
2002-2012	O
)	O
:	O
launched	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
ESA	O
's	O
Envisat	B-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
largest	O
civilian	O
Earth	O
Observation	O
spacecraft	O
ever	O
built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
carried	O
sophisticated	O
optical	O
and	O
radar	O
instruments	O
among	O
which	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Synthetic	B-Application
Aperture	I-Application
Radar	I-Application
(	O
ASAR	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Medium	O
Resolution	O
Imaging	O
Spectrometer	O
(	O
MERIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Envisat	B-Algorithm
provided	O
continuous	O
observation	O
and	O
monitoring	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
's	O
land	O
,	O
atmosphere	O
,	O
oceans	O
and	O
ice	O
caps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
losing	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
on	O
8	O
April	O
2012	O
,	O
ESA	O
formally	O
announced	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
Envisat	B-Algorithm
's	O
mission	O
on	O
9	O
May	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CryoSat-2	B-Algorithm
(	O
the	O
measurement	O
of	O
the	O
thickness	O
of	O
floating	O
ice	O
)	O
,	O
launched	O
on	O
8	O
April	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MetOp	O
:	O
MetOp	O
is	O
Europe	O
's	O
first	O
polar-orbiting	O
satellite	B-Application
dedicated	O
to	O
operational	O
meteorology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MetOp	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
three	O
satellites	B-Application
launched	O
sequentially	O
over	O
12	O
years	O
from	O
October	O
2006	O
to	O
November	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
French	O
SPOT	O
:	O
SPOT	O
(	O
Satellite	B-Application
Pour	O
l'Observation	O
de	O
la	O
Terre	O
)	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
earth	O
observation	O
satellites	B-Application
providing	O
high-resolution	O
images	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
German	O
TerraSAR-X	O
:	O
TerraSAR-X	O
is	O
an	O
Earth	O
observation	O
satellite	B-Application
providing	O
high	O
quality	O
topographic	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Italian	O
COSMO-SkyMed	O
:	O
the	O
COnstellation	O
of	O
small	O
Satellites	B-Application
for	O
the	O
Mediterranean	O
basin	O
Observation	O
is	O
an	O
Earth	O
observation	O
satellite	B-Application
system	O
that	O
consists	O
of	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
1st	O
generation	O
)	O
four	O
satellites	B-Application
equipped	O
with	O
Synthetic-aperture	B-Application
radar	I-Application
(	O
SAR	O
)	O
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
second-generation	O
of	O
COSMO-SkyMed	O
satellites	B-Application
(	O
called	O
Cosmo-Skymed	O
2nd	O
generation	O
)	O
is	O
under	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UK	O
and	O
international	O
DMC	O
:	O
the	O
Disaster	O
Monitoring	O
Constellation	O
(	O
DMC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
constellation	O
of	O
remote-sensing	O
satellites	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
eight	O
satellites	B-Application
in	O
the	O
DMC-program	O
;	O
3	O
are	O
currently	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
2020	O
)	O
active	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
French-American	O
OSTM/Jason	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
(	O
2008-2019	O
)	O
:	O
the	O
OSTM/JASON	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
provided	O
precise	O
measurements	O
of	O
ocean	O
surface	O
topography	O
,	O
surface	O
wind	O
speed	O
,	O
and	O
wave	O
height	O
;	O
as	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
measurement	O
is	O
a	O
crucial	O
requirement	O
for	O
the	O
Copernicus	O
Marine	O
Services	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
has	O
included	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
mission	O
in	O
its	O
latest	O
communication	O
on	O
the	O
future	O
Copernicus	O
Space	O
Component	O
as	O
Sentinel-6	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
French	O
Pléiades	O
:	O
the	O
Pléiades	O
constellation	O
consists	O
of	O
two	O
satellites	B-Application
providing	O
very	O
high-resolution	O
images	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Planet	O
Labs	O
,	O
a	O
commercial	O
satellite	B-Application
imagery	O
provider	O
whose	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
image	O
the	O
entirety	O
of	O
the	O
planet	O
daily	O
to	O
monitor	O
changes	O
and	O
pinpoint	O
trends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
provided	O
by	O
non-European	O
satellite	B-Application
missions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
DigitalGlobe	O
,	O
an	O
American	O
commercial	O
vendor	O
of	O
space	O
imagery	O
and	O
geospatial	O
content	O
,	O
provides	O
imagery	O
from	O
satellites	B-Application
with	O
a	O
true	O
maximum	O
resolution	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
25cm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LANDSAT	O
program	O
(	O
8	O
satellites	B-Application
,	O
3	O
active	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GOSAT	O
program	O
(	O
2	O
satellites	B-Application
,	O
2	O
active	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radarsat-2	O
satellite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GMES	B-General_Concept
In-Situ	O
Coordination	O
(	O
GISC	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
FP7	O
funded	O
initiative	O
,	O
lasted	O
for	O
three	O
years	O
(	O
January	O
2010	O
–	O
December	O
2012	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
coordinated	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Environment	O
Agency	O
(	O
EEA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
situ	O
data	O
are	O
all	O
data	O
from	O
sources	O
other	O
than	O
Earth	O
observation	O
satellites	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atmosphere	B-General_Concept
Monitoring	I-General_Concept
(	O
see	O
video	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Copernicus.eu	O
website	O
:	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
projects	O
were	O
geoland2	O
(	O
land	O
)	O
,	O
MyOcean	O
(	O
marine	O
)	O
,	O
SAFER	O
(	O
emergency	O
response	O
)	O
,	O
MACC	O
and	O
its	O
successor	O
MACC	O
II	O
(	O
atmosphere	O
)	O
and	O
G-MOSAIC	B-General_Concept
(	O
security	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
with	O
the	O
LIMES	O
project	O
(	O
co-funded	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
under	O
FP6	O
)	O
,	O
GMOSAIC	B-General_Concept
specifically	O
dealt	O
with	O
the	O
Security	O
domain	O
of	O
Copernicus	O
addressing	O
topics	O
such	O
as	O
Support	O
to	O
Intelligence	O
and	O
Early	O
Warning	O
and	O
Support	O
to	O
Crisis	O
Management	O
Operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	O
Atlas	O
:	O
Compiled	O
from	O
thousands	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
photographs	O
,	O
the	O
Urban	O
Atlas	O
provides	O
detailed	O
and	O
cost-effective	O
digital	O
mapping	O
,	O
ensuring	O
that	O
city	O
planners	O
have	O
the	O
most	O
up-to-date	O
and	O
accurate	O
data	O
available	O
on	O
land	O
use	O
and	O
land	O
cover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Heterogeneous	O
Missions	O
Accessibility	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Space	O
Agency	O
initiative	O
for	O
interoperability	O
of	O
Earth	O
observation	O
satellite	B-Application
payload	O
data	O
ground	O
segments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copernicus	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
three	O
related	O
initiatives	O
that	O
are	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
the	O
GIGAS	O
(	O
GEOSS	O
,	O
INSPIRE	O
and	O
GMES	B-General_Concept
an	O
Action	O
in	O
Support	O
)	O
harmonization	O
and	O
analysis	O
project	O
under	O
the	O
auspices	O
of	O
the	O
EU	O
7th	O
Framework	O
Programme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
27	O
Member	O
States	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
,	O
the	O
Copernicus	B-General_Concept
programme	I-General_Concept
allows	O
for	O
the	O
participation	O
at	O
various	O
scope	O
for	O
third	O
country	O
participation	O
.	O
</s>
