<s>
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
is	O
a	O
digital	O
fingerprinting	B-Algorithm
system	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
easily	O
identify	O
and	O
manage	O
copyrighted	O
content	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
Videos	O
uploaded	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
are	O
compared	O
against	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
files	O
registered	O
with	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
by	O
content	O
owners	O
,	O
looking	B-Algorithm
for	I-Algorithm
any	I-Algorithm
matches	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2018	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
invested	O
at	O
least	O
$100	O
million	O
into	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
creates	O
an	O
ID	O
File	O
for	O
copyrighted	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
material	O
,	O
and	O
stores	O
it	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
uploaders	O
who	O
meet	O
specific	O
criteria	O
can	O
use	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
criteria	O
make	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
without	O
the	O
aid	O
of	O
a	O
major	O
backer	O
difficult	O
,	O
limiting	O
its	O
usage	O
to	O
big	O
corporations	O
in	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
2007	O
and	O
2009	O
,	O
companies	O
including	O
Viacom	O
,	O
Mediaset	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
English	O
Premier	O
League	O
filed	O
lawsuits	O
against	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
done	O
too	O
little	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
uploading	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viacom	O
,	O
demanding	O
$1billion	O
in	O
damages	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
found	O
more	O
than	O
150,000	O
unauthorized	O
clips	O
of	O
its	O
material	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
that	O
had	O
been	O
viewed	O
"	O
an	O
astounding	O
1.5billion	O
times	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
same	O
court	O
battle	O
,	O
Viacom	O
won	O
a	O
court	O
ruling	O
requiring	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
hand	O
over	O
12	O
terabytes	O
of	O
data	O
detailing	O
the	O
viewing	O
habits	O
of	O
every	O
user	O
who	O
had	O
watched	O
videos	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
trials	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
for	O
automatic	O
detection	O
of	O
uploaded	O
videos	O
that	O
infringe	O
copyright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
CEO	O
Eric	O
Schmidt	O
regarded	O
this	O
system	O
as	O
necessary	O
for	O
resolving	O
lawsuits	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
one	O
from	O
Viacom	O
,	O
which	O
alleged	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
profited	O
from	O
content	O
that	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
distribute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
initially	O
called	O
"	O
Video	O
Identification	O
"	O
and	O
later	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
had	O
"	O
already	O
invested	O
tens	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
dollars	O
in	O
this	O
technology	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
described	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
as	O
"	O
very	O
accurate	O
in	O
finding	O
uploads	O
that	O
look	O
similar	O
to	O
reference	O
files	O
that	O
are	O
of	O
sufficient	O
length	O
and	O
quality	O
to	O
generate	O
an	O
effective	O
ID	O
File	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2012	O
,	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
accounted	O
for	O
over	O
a	O
third	O
of	O
the	O
monetized	O
views	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
had	O
paid	O
out	O
around	O
$2	O
billion	O
to	O
copyright	O
holders	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
around	O
$1	O
billion	O
by	O
2014	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
cost	O
$60	O
million	O
to	O
develop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
mid-2018	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
been	O
beta-testing	O
a	O
new	O
tool	O
called	O
Copyright	O
Match	O
,	O
a	O
simplified	O
version	O
of	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
with	O
more	O
limited	O
options	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
available	O
to	O
uploaders	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
100,000	O
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
contrary	O
to	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
,	O
which	O
sends	O
copyright	O
notices	O
automatically	O
,	O
with	O
Copyright	O
Match	O
no	O
action	O
is	O
taken	O
until	O
the	O
creator	O
chooses	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
content	O
protection	O
company	O
Audible	O
Magic	O
signed	O
an	O
agreement	O
to	O
license	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Audible	O
Magic	O
's	O
own	O
"	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
"	O
fingerprinting	B-Algorithm
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Google	B-Application
bought	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
November	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
license	O
was	O
transferred	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
agreement	O
was	O
terminated	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
2014	O
Google	B-Application
obtained	O
a	O
trademark	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
"	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
"	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Audible	O
Magic	O
sued	O
Google	B-Application
the	O
same	O
year	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
that	O
they	O
owned	O
the	O
"	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
"	O
trademark	O
and	O
therefore	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
trademarking	O
their	O
implementation	O
was	O
a	O
fraud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
independent	O
test	O
in	O
2009	O
uploaded	O
multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
song	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
concluded	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
"	O
surprisingly	O
resilient	O
"	O
in	O
finding	O
copyright	O
violations	O
in	O
the	O
audio	O
tracks	O
of	O
videos	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
infallible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
to	O
remove	O
material	O
automatically	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
controversy	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
videos	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
checked	O
by	O
a	O
human	O
for	O
fair	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
user	O
disagrees	O
with	O
a	O
decision	O
by	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
fill	O
in	O
a	O
form	O
disputing	O
the	O
decision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
changed	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
system	O
worked	O
(	O
seemingly	O
to	O
cover	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
case	O
of	O
lawsuits	O
)	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
numerous	O
content	O
creation	O
copyright	O
notices	O
being	O
sent	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
accounts	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
cited	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
reasons	O
why	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
rules	O
were	O
modified	O
in	O
December	O
2010	O
to	O
allow	O
some	O
users	O
to	O
upload	O
videos	O
of	O
unlimited	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
music	O
industry	O
has	O
criticized	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
as	O
inefficient	O
,	O
with	O
Universal	O
Music	O
Publishing	O
Group	O
(	O
UMPG	O
)	O
estimating	O
in	O
a	O
2015	O
filing	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
Copyright	O
Office	O
"	O
that	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
fails	O
to	O
identify	O
upwards	O
of	O
40	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
UMPG	O
’s	O
compositions	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
countered	O
these	O
assertions	O
by	O
stating	O
that	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
2016	O
)	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
detected	O
over	O
98%	O
of	O
known	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
humans	O
filing	O
removal	O
notices	O
only	O
2%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
uploader	O
who	O
created	O
a	O
white	O
noise	O
generator	O
received	O
copyright	O
notices	O
about	O
a	O
video	O
he	O
uploaded	O
which	O
was	O
created	O
using	O
this	O
tool	O
and	O
therefore	O
contained	O
only	O
white	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
he	O
received	O
several	O
copyright	O
violations	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
he	O
could	O
lift	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
but	O
Deutsche	O
Grammophon	O
refused	O
to	O
lift	O
two	O
of	O
them	O
even	O
if	O
their	O
copyright	O
had	O
expired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
cases	O
,	O
copyright	O
violations	O
notices	O
were	O
even	O
sent	O
to	O
uploaders	O
who	O
recorded	O
themselves	O
playing	O
public	O
domain	O
classical	O
music	O
,	O
with	O
Sony	O
Music	O
asserting	O
copyright	O
over	O
more	O
than	O
1,100	O
compositions	O
by	O
Johann	O
Sebastian	O
Bach	O
via	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commentators	O
noted	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
case	O
on	O
other	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2018	O
TheFatRat	O
complained	O
that	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
gave	O
preference	O
to	O
an	O
obvious	O
scammer	O
who	O
used	O
the	O
automated	O
system	O
to	O
claim	O
ownership	O
of	O
his	O
content	O
and	O
thereby	O
steal	O
his	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
WatchMojo	O
-	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channels	I-General_Concept
with	O
over	O
20	O
million	O
subscribers	O
and	O
15	O
billion	O
views	O
with	O
an	O
extensive	O
library	O
of	O
videos	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
fair	O
use	O
-	O
released	O
a	O
video	O
that	O
relied	O
on	O
its	O
10-year	O
experiences	O
managing	O
claims	O
and	O
strikes	O
via	O
Content	B-Application
ID	I-Application
to	O
highlight	O
instances	O
of	O
alleged	O
abuse	O
.	O
</s>
