<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
content-oriented	B-General_Concept
workflow	I-General_Concept
models	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
articulate	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
progression	O
by	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
content	O
units	O
(	O
like	O
data-records/objects/documents	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
content-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
approaches	O
provide	O
a	O
life-cycle	O
model	O
for	O
content	O
units	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
progression	O
can	O
be	O
qualified	O
by	O
conditions	O
on	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
content-oriented	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
umbrella	O
term	O
for	O
several	O
scientific	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
approaches	O
,	O
namely	O
"	O
data-driven	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
resource-driven	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
artifact-centric	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
object-aware	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
document-oriented	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
"	O
content	O
"	O
ranges	O
from	O
simple	O
data	O
attributes	O
to	O
self-contained	O
documents	O
;	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
content-oriented	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
"	O
appeared	O
at	O
first	O
in	O
as	O
an	O
umbrella	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
general	O
term	O
,	O
independent	O
from	O
a	O
specific	O
approach	O
,	O
is	O
necessary	O
to	O
contrast	O
the	O
content-oriented	O
modelling	O
principle	O
with	O
traditional	O
activity-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
models	O
(	O
like	O
Petri	B-Operating_System
nets	I-Operating_System
or	O
BPMN	B-Architecture
)	O
where	O
a	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
is	O
driven	O
by	O
a	O
control	O
flow	O
and	O
where	O
the	O
content	O
production	O
perspective	O
is	O
neglected	O
or	O
even	O
missing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
content	O
"	O
was	O
chosen	O
to	O
subsume	O
the	O
different	O
levels	O
in	O
granularity	O
of	O
the	O
content	O
units	O
in	O
the	O
respective	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
models	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
also	O
chosen	O
to	O
make	O
associations	O
with	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
information	O
is	O
too	O
unspecific	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
computer	O
science	O
,	O
thus	O
,	O
"	O
content-orientated	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
"	O
is	O
considered	O
as	O
good	O
compromise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data-driven	O
process	O
structures	O
provides	O
a	O
sophisticated	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
model	O
being	O
specialized	O
on	O
hierarchical	O
write-and-review-processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resource-driven	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
system	O
is	O
an	O
early	O
approach	O
that	O
considered	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
content-oriented	O
perspective	O
and	O
emphasizes	O
on	O
the	O
missing	O
support	O
for	O
plain	O
document-driven	O
processes	O
by	O
traditional	O
activity-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resource-driven	O
approach	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
database	O
triggers	O
for	O
handling	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Still	O
the	O
system	O
implementation	O
is	O
centralized	O
and	O
the	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
schema	O
is	O
statically	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wang	O
completed	O
his	O
PhD	O
thesis	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
yet	O
,	O
his	O
thesis	O
does	O
not	O
mention	O
the	O
resource-driven	O
approach	O
to	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
modelling	O
but	O
is	O
about	O
discrete	O
event	O
simulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
artifact-centric	O
approach	O
appears	O
as	O
a	O
mature	O
framework	O
for	O
general	O
purpose	O
content-oriented	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
application	O
landscape	O
with	O
its	O
business	O
services	O
is	O
considered	O
,	O
yet	O
,	O
the	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
engine	O
itself	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
centralized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
approach	O
remains	O
work	O
in	O
progress	O
,	O
still	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
relatively	O
old	O
and	O
established	O
project	O
on	O
content-oriented	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discussion	O
is	O
currently	O
limited	O
to	O
a	O
centralized	O
system	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
across	O
different	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
the	O
object-aware	O
approach	O
and	O
its	O
PHILharmonicFlows	O
system	O
are	O
going	O
to	O
provide	O
general-purpose	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
systems	O
for	O
generic	O
enactment	O
of	O
data	O
production	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
model	O
reflects	O
the	O
paper-based	O
working	O
practice	O
in	O
inter-institutional	O
healthcare	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
targets	O
distributed	O
knowledge-driven	O
ad	O
hoc	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
,	O
wherein	O
distributed	O
information	O
systems	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
coordinate	O
work	O
with	O
initially	O
unknown	O
sets	O
of	O
actors	O
and	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distributed	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
engine	O
supports	O
process	O
planning	O
&	O
process	O
history	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
participant	O
management	O
and	O
process	O
template	O
creation	O
with	O
import/export	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
engine	O
embeds	O
a	O
functional	O
fusion	O
of	O
1	O
)	O
group-based	O
instant	O
messaging	O
2	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
shared	O
work	O
list	O
editor	O
3	O
)	O
with	O
version	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
dDPM	O
and	O
α-Flow	O
provide	O
a	O
content-oriented	O
approach	O
to	O
schema-less	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
α-Doc	O
is	O
a	O
case	O
file	O
(	O
as	O
information	O
carrier	O
)	O
with	O
an	O
embedded	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
engine	O
(	O
in	O
form	O
of	O
active	O
properties	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
Content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
(	O
CMS	O
)	O
reaches	O
from	O
Web	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
(	O
WCMS	O
)	O
and	O
Document	O
management	O
system	O
(	O
DMS	O
)	O
to	O
Enterprise	B-Application
Content	I-Application
Management	I-Application
(	O
ECM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mature	O
DMS	O
products	O
support	O
document	O
production	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
basic	O
form	O
,	O
primarily	O
focusing	O
on	O
review	O
cycle	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
concerning	O
a	O
single	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groupware	B-Application
focuses	O
on	O
messaging	O
(	O
like	O
E-Mail	O
,	O
Chat	O
,	O
and	O
Instant	O
Messaging	O
)	O
,	O
shared	O
calendars	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Groupware	B-Application
overlaps	O
with	O
Computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
(	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
that	O
originated	O
from	O
shared	O
multimedia	O
editors	O
(	O
for	O
live	O
drawing/sketching	O
)	O
and	O
synchronous	O
multi-user	O
applications	O
like	O
desktop	B-Device
sharing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
extensive	O
conceptual	O
claim	O
of	O
CSWC	O
must	O
be	O
put	O
into	O
perspective	O
by	O
its	O
actual	O
solution	O
scope	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
available	O
as	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
Matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
healthcare	O
,	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
a	O
patient	O
between	O
healthcare	O
professionals	O
is	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
-	O
with	O
activities	O
that	O
include	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
diagnostic	O
or	O
therapeutic	O
treatments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
is	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
case	O
,	O
and	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
management	O
in	O
healthcare	O
is	O
to	O
handle	O
these	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Case	O
handling	O
is	O
orthogonal	O
to	O
content-oriented	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
content-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
approaches	O
are	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
case	O
handling	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
automated	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
case	O
handling	O
systems	O
(	O
CHS	O
)	O
but	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
apply	O
a	O
content-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
model	O
are	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
BPMone	O
(	O
formerly	O
PROTOS	O
and	O
FLOWer	O
)	O
from	O
Pallas	O
Athena	O
,	O
ECHO	O
from	O
Digital	O
,	O
CMDT	O
from	O
ICL	O
,	O
and	O
Vectus	O
from	O
London	O
Bridge	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
conclusion	O
,	O
those	O
content-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
approaches	O
that	O
are	O
tightly	O
related	O
to	O
case	O
handling	O
are	O
the	O
#Resource	O
-driven	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
model	O
and	O
the	O
#Distributed	O
Document-oriented	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
model	O
.	O
</s>
