<s>
Containerization	B-General_Concept
is	O
operating	B-Application
system-level	I-Application
virtualization	I-Application
or	O
application-level	O
virtualization	O
over	O
multiple	O
network	O
resources	O
so	O
that	O
software	O
applications	O
can	O
run	O
in	O
isolated	O
user	O
spaces	O
called	O
containers	B-Application
in	O
any	O
cloud	B-Architecture
or	O
non-cloud	O
environment	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
type	O
or	O
vendor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
containers	B-Application
are	O
basically	O
a	O
fully	O
functional	O
and	O
portable	O
cloud	B-Architecture
or	O
non-cloud	O
computing	O
environment	O
surrounding	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
keeping	O
it	O
independent	O
from	O
other	O
parallelly	O
running	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individually	O
each	O
container	B-Application
simulates	O
a	O
different	O
software	O
application	O
and	O
runs	O
isolated	O
processes	O
by	O
bundling	O
related	O
configuration	O
files	O
,	O
libraries	O
and	O
dependencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
,	O
collectively	O
multiple	O
containers	B-Application
share	O
a	O
common	O
OS	B-Operating_System
Kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
times	O
,	O
the	O
containerization	B-General_Concept
technology	O
has	O
been	O
vastly	O
adopted	O
by	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
platforms	I-Architecture
like	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
Platform	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Containerization	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
pursued	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
more	O
rapidly	O
developing	O
and	O
fielding	O
software	O
updates	O
,	O
with	O
first	O
application	O
in	O
its	O
F-22	O
air	O
superiority	O
fighter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
containerized	O
environments	O
,	O
security	O
scanners	O
generally	O
protect	O
the	O
OS	O
but	O
not	O
the	O
application	O
containers	B-Application
,	O
which	O
adds	O
unwanted	O
vulnerability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Container	B-Application
orchestration	O
or	O
container	B-Application
management	O
is	O
mostly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
application	O
containers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementations	O
providing	O
such	O
an	O
orchestration	O
include	O
Kubernetes	B-General_Concept
and	O
Docker	B-Language
swarm	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Container	B-Application
clusters	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
managed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quite	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
companies	O
provide	O
container	B-Application
cluster	O
management	O
as	O
a	O
managed	O
service	O
,	O
like	O
Alibaba	O
,	O
Amazon	O
,	O
Google	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
