<s>
Contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
systems	O
are	O
credit	O
cards	O
and	O
debit	O
cards	O
,	O
key	O
fobs	O
,	O
smart	O
cards	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
other	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
that	O
use	O
radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
(	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
or	O
near-field	O
communication	O
(	O
NFC	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
,	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
,	O
Fitbit	O
Pay	O
,	O
or	O
any	O
bank	O
mobile	O
application	O
that	O
supports	O
contactless	O
)	O
for	O
making	O
secure	O
payments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
embedded	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
chip	O
and	O
antenna	O
enable	O
consumers	O
to	O
wave	O
their	O
card	O
,	O
fob	O
,	O
or	O
handheld	B-Application
device	I-Application
over	O
a	O
reader	O
at	O
the	O
Point-of-sale	O
terminal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
are	O
made	O
in	O
close	O
physical	O
proximity	O
,	O
unlike	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
mobile	O
payments	O
which	O
use	O
broad-area	O
cellular	O
or	O
WiFi	O
networks	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
involve	O
close	O
physical	O
proximity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EMV	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
standard	O
used	O
by	O
major	O
credit	O
card	O
and	O
smartphone	B-Application
companies	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
general	O
commerce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contactless	O
smart	O
cards	O
that	O
function	O
as	O
stored-value	B-Device
cards	I-Device
are	O
becoming	O
popular	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
transit	O
system	O
farecards	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Oyster	O
card	O
or	O
RioCard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tokenisation	O
is	O
a	O
newer	O
concept	O
of	O
encapsulating	O
a	O
card	O
issuers	O
details	O
within	O
a	O
hardware	O
device	O
application	O
such	O
as	O
via	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
app	O
on	O
iPhones	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
financial	O
institutions	O
and	O
multinational	O
corporations	O
now	O
offer	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
systems	O
to	O
customers	O
as	O
contactless	B-Application
credit	I-Application
cards	I-Application
have	O
become	O
widespread	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
U.K.	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
France	O
,	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
as	O
consumers	O
are	O
likely	O
to	O
spend	O
more	O
money	O
using	O
their	O
cards	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
ease	O
of	O
small	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
specifically	O
have	O
become	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
,	O
accounting	O
for	O
4	O
out	O
of	O
5	O
point-of-sale	O
purchases	O
in	O
Australia	O
as	O
of	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobil	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
early	O
adopters	O
of	O
a	O
similar	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
offered	O
their	O
"	O
Speedpass	O
"	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
system	O
for	O
participating	O
Mobil	O
gas	O
stations	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2004	O
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
implemented	O
the	O
contactless	O
RFID	B-Application
smart	O
card	O
FeliCa	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
introduced	O
the	O
system	O
(	O
literal	O
translation	O
:	O
"	O
wallet-phone	O
"	O
)	O
developed	O
with	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
operator	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
on	O
multiple	O
FeliCa	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Edy	O
and	O
,	O
on	O
28	O
January	O
2006	O
,	O
on	O
Mobile	O
Suica	O
used	O
primarily	O
on	O
the	O
railway	O
networks	O
owned	O
by	O
JR	O
East	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
immediate	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
was	O
first	O
experimented	O
in	O
France	O
in	O
Caen	O
during	O
6	O
months	O
with	O
a	O
Samsung	B-Application
NFC	O
smartphone	B-Application
by	O
Orange	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Philips	O
Semiconductors	O
in	O
the	O
Cofinoga	O
shops	O
(	O
Galeries	O
Lafayette	O
,	O
Monoprix	O
)	O
and	O
Vinci	O
parkings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
payment	O
with	O
a	O
contactless	O
bank	O
card	O
was	O
tested	O
at	O
the	O
FNAC	O
of	O
La	O
Défense	O
in	O
Paris	O
and	O
from	O
19	O
November	O
2007	O
to	O
2009	O
in	O
some	O
shops	O
of	O
Caen	O
and	O
Strasbourg	O
,	O
this	O
time	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
NFC	O
,	O
provided	O
by	O
four	O
operators	O
(	O
Orange	O
,	O
Bouygues	O
Telecom	O
,	O
SFR	O
and	O
NRJ	O
Mobile	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
5	O
November	O
2007	O
,	O
Orange	O
and	O
the	O
transport	O
societies	O
SNCF	O
and	O
Keolis	O
associated	O
themselves	O
for	O
a	O
2	O
months	O
experimentation	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
Rennes	O
in	O
the	O
metro	O
,	O
bus	O
and	O
TER	O
trains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
Barclaycard	O
partnered	O
with	O
mobile	O
phone	O
firm	O
Orange	O
,	O
to	O
launch	O
a	O
contactless	B-Application
credit	I-Application
card	I-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
test	O
conducted	O
from	O
October	O
2005	O
to	O
November	O
2006	O
with	O
27	O
users	O
,	O
on	O
21	O
May	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
transport	O
authority	O
of	O
Nice	O
Régie	O
Lignes	O
d'Azur	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
transport	O
provider	O
in	O
Europe	O
to	O
add	O
definitely	O
to	O
its	O
own	O
offer	O
a	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
on	O
its	O
tramways	O
and	O
bus	O
network	O
either	O
with	O
a	O
NFC	O
bank	O
card	O
or	O
smartphone	B-Application
application	O
notably	O
on	O
Samsung	B-Application
Player	O
One	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
mobile	O
phone	O
operators	O
than	O
in	O
Caen	O
and	O
Strasbourg	O
in	O
2007	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
validation	O
aboard	O
with	O
them	O
of	O
the	O
transport	O
titles	O
and	O
the	O
loading	O
of	O
these	O
titles	O
onto	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
season	O
tickets	O
contactless	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
service	O
was	O
as	O
well	O
experimented	O
then	O
respectively	O
implemented	O
for	O
NFC	O
smartphones	B-Application
on	O
18	O
and	O
25	O
June	O
2013	O
in	O
the	O
tramways	O
and	O
bus	O
of	O
Caen	O
and	O
Strasbourg.	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
on	O
the	O
765	O
pay	O
and	O
display	O
parking	O
machines	O
of	O
Strasbourg	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
in	O
October	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Paris	O
transport	O
network	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
4	O
months	O
testing	O
from	O
November	O
2006	O
with	O
Bouygues	O
Telecom	O
and	O
43	O
persons	O
and	O
finally	O
with	O
8,000	O
users	O
from	O
July	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
contactless	O
mobile	O
payment	O
and	O
direct	O
validation	O
on	O
the	O
turnstile	O
readers	O
with	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
was	O
adopted	O
on	O
25	O
September	O
2019	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
the	O
societies	O
Orange	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Wizway	O
Solutions	O
,	O
Worldline	O
and	O
Conduent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
3Citi	O
wallet	O
was	O
compatible	O
with	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
designated	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
from	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
HTC	O
,	O
LG	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
9,000	O
Visa	O
payWave	O
readers	O
across	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
accept	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
on	O
Day	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
9	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
announced	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
,	O
a	O
proprietary	O
form	O
of	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
integrated	O
with	O
its	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Transport	O
for	O
London	O
's	O
Tube	O
began	O
accepting	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
start	O
to	O
become	O
even	O
broader	O
with	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
devices	O
also	O
offering	O
this	O
payment	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
,	O
several	O
banks	O
raised	O
their	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
limits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
were	O
recommended	O
as	O
a	O
safer	O
payment	O
method	O
compared	O
to	O
Chip	O
and	O
PIN	O
card	O
payments	O
and	O
cash	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
is	O
an	O
application	O
for	O
devices	O
running	O
Google	O
's	O
Android	O
OS	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
make	O
purchases	O
using	O
NFC	O
,	O
which	O
initially	O
required	O
a	O
physical	O
secure	O
element	O
but	O
this	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
host	O
card	O
emulation	O
which	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
Android	B-Application
4.4	I-Application
(	O
KitKat	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Softcard	B-Device
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
Isis	O
mobile	O
wallet	O
)	O
,	O
Cityzi	O
and	O
Quick	O
Tap	O
wallets	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
use	O
a	O
secure	O
SIM	O
card	O
to	O
store	O
encrypted	O
personal	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
with	O
enabled	O
mobile	O
phones	O
still	O
occur	O
on	O
a	O
small	O
scale	O
,	O
but	O
every	O
month	O
an	O
increasing	O
number	O
of	O
mobile	O
phones	O
are	O
certified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mastercard	O
Canada	O
says	O
it	O
has	O
seen	O
"	O
about	O
25	O
percent	O
"	O
higher	O
spending	O
by	O
users	O
of	O
its	O
Mastercard	O
Contactless-brand	O
RFID	B-Application
credit	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
reported	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
driven	O
by	O
the	O
rise	O
in	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
,	O
which	O
accounted	O
for	O
approximately	O
one	O
third	O
of	O
all	O
card	O
transactions	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
made	O
up	O
around	O
19%	O
of	O
transactions	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Westpac	O
Banking	O
Corporation	O
in	O
Australia	O
revealed	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
statistics	O
from	O
2017	O
and	O
claimed	O
in	O
the	O
report	O
that	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
approached	O
saturation	O
point	O
by	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
over	O
90%	O
of	O
purchases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telecom	O
operators	O
are	O
starting	O
to	O
get	O
involved	O
in	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
via	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
NFC-enabled	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Belgacom	O
's	O
Pingping	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
stored	O
value	O
account	O
and	O
via	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Alcatel-Lucent	O
'	O
s	O
Touchatag	B-Device
provides	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
functionalities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
financial	O
entities	O
now	O
offering	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
systems	O
include	O
Mastercard	O
,	O
China	O
UnionPay	O
,	O
Citibank	O
,	O
JPMorgan	O
Chase	O
,	O
American	O
Express	O
,	O
KeyBank	O
,	O
Barclays	O
,	O
Barclaycard	O
,	O
HSBC	O
,	O
Lloyds	O
Banking	O
Group	O
,	O
FreedomPay	O
,	O
RuPay	O
,	O
The	O
Co-operative	O
Bank	O
,	O
Nationwide	O
Building	O
Society	O
and	O
NatWest	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visa	O
payWave	O
,	O
American	O
Express	O
Expresspay	O
,	O
and	O
Mastercard	O
Contactless	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
contactless	B-Application
credit	I-Application
cards	I-Application
which	O
have	O
become	O
widespread	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
and	O
U.K.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
standard	O
usages	O
for	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
adopted	O
throughout	O
payment	O
terminals	O
with	O
the	O
EMV	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
issued	O
bank	O
cards	O
a	O
smart	O
chip	O
or	O
cryptographic	O
chip	O
is	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
smart	O
card	O
which	O
allows	O
wireless	O
payments	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
from	O
the	O
EMV	O
chip	O
in	O
range	O
of	O
a	O
payment	O
terminal	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
technology	O
following	O
the	O
EMVCo	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
newer	O
approach	O
to	O
smart	O
card	O
technology	O
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
linking	O
a	O
smart	O
card	O
to	O
a	O
hardware	O
device	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
through	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
application	O
on	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
mobile	O
phone	O
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
the	O
ability	O
to	O
make	O
payments	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
technology	O
against	O
a	O
payment	O
terminal	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
a	O
smart	O
card	O
using	O
a	O
token	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
known	O
as	O
tokenisation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
security	O
researchers	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
cardholder	O
's	O
name	O
,	O
credit	O
card	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
expiration	O
date	O
may	O
be	O
transmitted	O
by	O
contactless	B-Application
payment	I-Application
cards	O
without	O
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
information	O
leaked	O
from	O
a	O
contactless	B-Application
credit	I-Application
card	I-Application
to	O
make	O
a	O
purchase	O
online	O
,	O
without	O
opening	O
the	O
envelope	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
card	O
was	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
these	O
limits	O
typically	O
do	O
not	O
apply	O
when	O
CDCVM	B-Application
verification	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
)	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
’s	O
no	O
mandatory	O
PIN	O
requirement	O
when	O
CDCVM	B-Application
(	O
Apply	O
Pay	O
,	O
Garmin	O
Pay	O
,	O
or	O
Google	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
)	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
several	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
in	O
a	O
row	O
reach	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
€125	O
,	O
the	O
PIN	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
practice	O
,	O
financial	O
institutions	O
limit	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
to	O
$CA100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
several	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
in	O
a	O
row	O
reach	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
ANG	O
100	O
,	O
the	O
PIN	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Germany	O
No	O
limit	O
For	O
each	O
transaction	O
over	O
€25	O
or	O
€50	O
(	O
some	O
Visa	O
cards	O
)	O
a	O
PIN	O
or	O
CDCVM	B-Application
verification	O
is	O
required.Greece	O
€50For	O
transactions	O
over	O
€50	O
a	O
PIN	O
is	O
required	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
No	O
limit	O
Initially	O
banks	O
,	O
not	O
government	O
,	O
set	O
it	O
for	O
$500	O
or	O
under	O
,	O
then	O
(	O
for	O
some	O
banks	O
)	O
under	O
$1000	O
(	O
HKD	O
)	O
,	O
until	O
the	O
limits	O
were	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
limit	O
for	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
or	O
similar	O
contactless	O
purchases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
)	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
merchants	O
still	O
apply	O
a	O
€50	O
transaction	O
limitIsrael300	O
ILSFor	O
transactions	O
over	O
300	O
ILS	O
PIN	O
is	O
needed	O
Italy	O
No	O
limit	O
For	O
transactions	O
over	O
€50	O
PIN	O
is	O
needed	O
Japan	O
JP¥20000	O
JCB	O
QUICPay	O
and	O
QUICPay＋	O
Latvia	O
€50	O
Lithuania	O
€50	O
North	O
Macedonia	O
750	O
MKD	O
Malaysia	O
RM250	O
Cumulative	O
limits	O
(	O
total	O
amount	O
and/or	O
consecutive	O
transactions	O
)	O
differ	O
between	O
card	O
issuers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
retailers	O
have	O
,	O
by	O
now	O
,	O
terminals	O
that	O
support	O
CDCVM	B-Application
as	O
verification	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
was	O
launched	O
(	O
unofficially	O
)	O
by	O
bunq	O
on	O
March	O
20	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
through	O
a	O
workaround	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
be	O
joined	O
officially	O
by	O
ING	O
on	O
June	O
11	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
official	O
launch	O
for	O
bunq	O
on	O
Sept	O
.	O
3rd	O
and	O
the	O
announcement	O
that	O
banks	O
ABN	O
AMRO	O
and	O
Rabobank	O
will	O
also	O
start	O
to	O
offer	O
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
in	O
The	O
Netherlands	O
sometime	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Singapore	O
S$100	O
The	O
current	O
transaction	O
limit	O
for	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
in	O
Singapore	O
is	O
S$100	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
banks	O
offer	O
higher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
Pay	I-Application
)	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
merchants	O
who	O
have	O
not	O
updated	O
their	O
card	O
terminals	O
 '	O
software	O
apply	O
a	O
£100	O
limit	O
as	O
if	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
authentication	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
gradually	O
improving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chancellor	B-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Exchequer	I-Application
Rishi	O
Sunak	O
confirmed	O
in	O
the	O
2021	O
budget	O
that	O
this	O
limit	O
would	O
increase	O
to	O
£100	O
on	O
15	O
October	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
