<s>
The	O
constructive	O
cooperative	O
coevolutionary	O
algorithm	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
C3	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
global	O
optimisation	O
algorithm	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
multi-start	O
architecture	O
of	O
the	O
greedy	B-Algorithm
randomized	I-Algorithm
adaptive	I-Algorithm
search	I-Algorithm
procedure	I-Algorithm
(	O
GRASP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
optimisation	O
algorithm	O
,	O
usually	O
but	O
not	O
necessarily	O
an	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
embedded	O
in	O
C3	O
for	O
optimising	O
those	O
subproblems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C3	O
optimisation	O
algorithm	O
was	O
originally	O
designed	O
for	O
simulation-based	B-Algorithm
optimisation	I-Algorithm
but	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
global	O
optimisation	O
problems	O
in	O
general	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
improved	O
version	O
was	O
proposed	O
later	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
Improved	O
Constructive	O
Cooperative	O
Coevolutionary	O
Differential	B-Algorithm
Evolution	I-Algorithm
(	O
C3iDE	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
removes	O
several	O
limitations	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
C3iDE	O
very	O
effective	O
on	O
large-scale	O
global	O
optimisation	O
problems	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
1000	O
dimensions	O
)	O
compared	O
to	O
cooperative	O
coevolutionary	O
algorithm	O
(	O
CC	O
)	O
and	O
Differential	B-Algorithm
evolution	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
these	O
initial	O
optimisations	O
,	O
the	O
subpopulation	O
of	O
the	O
latest	O
included	O
subproblem	O
is	O
evolved	O
by	O
a	O
multi-objective	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
all	O
subproblems	O
 '	O
subpopulations	O
have	O
been	O
initially	O
optimised	O
,	O
the	O
multi-objective	O
C3	O
optimisation	O
algorithm	O
continues	O
to	O
optimise	O
each	O
subproblem	O
in	O
a	O
round-robin	B-Algorithm
fashion	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
now	O
collaborator	O
solutions	O
from	O
all	O
other	O
subproblems	O
 '	O
subspopulations	O
are	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
subpopulation	O
that	O
is	O
being	O
evaluated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
constructive	B-Algorithm
cooperative	I-Algorithm
coevolution	I-Algorithm
algorithm	O
has	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
problems	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C3	O
algorithm	O
has	O
been	O
embedded	O
with	O
,	O
amongst	O
others	O
,	O
the	O
differential	B-Algorithm
evolution	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
particle	B-Algorithm
swarm	I-Algorithm
optimiser	I-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
subproblem	O
optimisations	O
.	O
</s>
