<s>
A	O
Connection	B-Device
Machine	I-Device
(	O
CM	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
supercomputers	B-Architecture
that	O
grew	O
out	O
of	O
doctoral	O
research	O
on	O
alternatives	O
to	O
the	O
traditional	O
von	B-Architecture
Neumann	I-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
of	O
computers	O
by	O
Danny	O
Hillis	O
at	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
MIT	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
CM-1	O
,	O
the	O
machines	O
were	O
intended	O
originally	O
for	O
applications	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
and	O
symbolic	O
processing	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
versions	O
found	O
greater	O
success	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computational	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
TMC	O
,	O
Hillis	O
assembled	O
a	O
team	O
to	O
develop	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
CM-1	O
Connection	B-Device
Machine	I-Device
,	O
a	O
design	O
for	O
a	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
hypercube-based	O
arrangement	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
,	O
springing	O
from	O
his	O
PhD	O
thesis	O
work	O
at	O
MIT	O
in	O
Electrical	O
Engineering	O
and	O
Computer	O
Science	O
(	O
1985	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dissertation	O
won	O
the	O
ACM	O
Distinguished	O
Dissertation	O
prize	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
presented	O
as	O
a	O
monograph	O
that	O
overviewed	O
the	O
philosophy	O
,	O
architecture	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
Connection	B-Device
Machine	I-Device
,	O
including	O
information	O
on	O
its	O
data	O
routing	B-Protocol
between	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
nodes	O
,	O
its	O
memory	O
handling	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Lisp	B-Language
applied	O
in	O
the	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
machine	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
early	O
concepts	O
contemplated	O
just	O
over	O
a	O
million	O
processors	O
,	O
each	O
connected	O
in	O
a	O
20-dimensional	O
hypercube	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
scaled	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
CM-1	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
has	O
its	O
own	O
4kilobits	O
of	O
random-access	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
hypercube-based	O
array	O
of	O
them	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
same	O
operation	O
on	O
multiple	O
data	O
points	O
simultaneously	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
to	O
execute	O
tasks	O
in	O
single	B-Device
instruction	I-Device
,	I-Device
multiple	I-Device
data	I-Device
(	O
SIMD	B-Device
)	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CM-1	O
and	O
its	O
successor	O
CM-2	O
take	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
cube	B-Application
1.5meters	O
on	O
a	O
side	O
,	O
divided	O
equally	O
into	O
eight	O
smaller	O
cubes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
chip	O
contains	O
a	O
router	B-Protocol
,	O
16	O
processors	O
,	O
and	O
16	O
RAMs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CM-1	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
has	O
a	O
12-dimensional	O
hypercube-based	O
routing	B-Protocol
network	O
(	O
connecting	O
the	O
212	O
chips	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
main	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
an	O
input-output	O
processor	O
(	O
a	O
channel	B-Device
controller	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
router	B-Protocol
contains	O
five	O
buffers	O
to	O
store	O
the	O
data	O
being	O
transmitted	O
when	O
a	O
clear	O
channel	O
is	O
not	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
improve	O
its	O
commercial	O
viability	O
,	O
TMC	O
launched	O
the	O
CM-2	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
adding	O
Weitek	O
3132	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
numeric	B-Algorithm
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
and	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
to	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thirty-two	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
one-bit	O
processors	O
shared	O
each	O
numeric	B-Algorithm
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CM-2	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
512MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
redundant	B-Architecture
array	I-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
independent	I-Architecture
disks	I-Architecture
(	O
RAID	B-Architecture
)	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
system	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
DataVault	B-Device
,	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
25GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
origins	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
,	O
the	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
CM-1/2/200	O
single-bit	O
processor	O
was	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
,	O
*	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
(	O
spoken	O
:	O
Star-Lisp	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
implemented	O
on	O
the	O
CM-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
system	O
utility	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
CM-1/2	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
*	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
applications	O
for	O
the	O
CM-2	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
C*	B-Language
,	O
a	O
data-parallel	O
superset	O
of	O
ANSI	O
C	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
CM-5	B-Device
,	O
announced	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
TMC	O
switched	O
from	O
the	O
CM-2	O
'	O
s	O
hypercubic	O
architecture	O
of	O
simple	O
processors	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
and	O
different	O
multiple	B-Operating_System
instruction	I-Operating_System
,	I-Operating_System
multiple	I-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
(	O
MIMD	B-Operating_System
)	O
architecture	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
fat	B-Protocol
tree	I-Protocol
network	O
of	O
reduced	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
RISC	B-Architecture
)	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
make	O
programming	O
easier	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
simulate	O
a	O
SIMD	B-Device
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
later	O
CM-5E	O
replaces	O
the	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
processors	O
with	O
faster	O
SuperSPARCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CM-5	B-Device
was	O
the	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
in	O
1993	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
,	O
running	O
1024	O
cores	O
with	O
Rpeak	O
of	O
131.0GFLOPS	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
several	O
years	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
10	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
were	O
CM-5s	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Connection	B-Device
Machines	I-Device
were	O
noted	O
for	O
their	O
striking	O
visual	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
CM-1	O
,	O
CM-2	O
,	O
and	O
CM-200	O
chassis	O
was	O
a	O
cube-of-cubes	O
,	O
referencing	O
the	O
machine	O
's	O
internal	O
12-dimensional	O
hypercube	B-Operating_System
network	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
red	O
light-emitting	O
diodes	O
(	O
LEDs	O
)	O
,	O
by	O
default	O
indicating	O
the	O
processor	O
status	O
,	O
visible	O
through	O
the	O
doors	O
of	O
each	O
cube	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
SIMD	B-Device
program	O
,	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
have	O
as	O
many	O
processors	O
as	O
possible	O
working	O
the	O
program	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
–	O
indicated	O
by	O
having	O
all	O
LEDs	O
being	O
steady	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CM-5	B-Device
,	O
in	O
plan	O
view	O
,	O
had	O
a	O
staircase-like	O
shape	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
had	O
large	O
panels	O
of	O
red	O
blinking	O
LEDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prominent	O
sculptor-architect	O
Maya	O
Lin	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
CM-5	B-Device
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
very	O
first	O
CM-1	O
is	O
on	O
permanent	O
display	O
in	O
the	O
Computer	O
History	O
Museum	O
,	O
Mountain	O
View	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
has	O
two	O
other	O
CM-1s	O
and	O
CM-5	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Connection	B-Device
Machines	I-Device
survive	O
in	O
the	O
collections	O
of	O
the	O
Museum	O
of	O
Modern	O
Art	O
New	O
York	O
and	O
the	O
Living	O
Computers	O
:	O
Museum	O
+	O
Labs	O
Seattle	O
(	O
CM-2s	O
with	O
LED	O
grids	O
simulating	O
the	O
processor	O
status	O
LEDs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
Smithsonian	O
Institution	O
National	O
Museum	O
of	O
American	O
History	O
,	O
the	O
Computer	O
Museum	O
of	O
America	O
in	O
Roswell	O
,	O
Georgia	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Swedish	O
National	O
Museum	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
Tekniska	O
Museet	O
)	O
in	O
Stockholm	O
,	O
Sweden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CM-5	B-Device
was	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
film	O
Jurassic	O
Park	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
room	O
for	O
the	O
island	O
(	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
Cray	B-Device
X-MP	I-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
as	O
in	O
the	O
novel	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
mainframes	O
in	O
Fallout	B-Application
3	I-Application
were	O
inspired	O
heavily	O
by	O
the	O
CM-5	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyberpunk	B-Application
2077	I-Application
features	O
numerous	O
CM-1/CM	O
-2	O
style	O
units	O
in	O
various	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
