<s>
Business	O
process	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
(	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
for	O
short	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
process	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
to	O
compare	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
with	O
an	O
event	O
log	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
,	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
,	O
locate	O
and	O
explain	O
deviations	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
severity	O
of	O
these	O
deviations	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
take	O
as	O
input	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
and	O
event	O
log	O
and	O
return	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
behavior	O
captured	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
behavior	O
captured	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
model	O
is	O
normative	O
,	O
then	O
such	O
discrepancies	O
may	O
be	O
interpreted	O
in	O
two	O
ways	O
:	O
they	O
may	O
expose	O
undesirable	O
deviations	B-General_Concept
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
signals	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
better	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
or	O
may	O
reveal	O
desirable	O
deviations	B-General_Concept
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
workers	O
may	O
deviate	O
to	O
serve	O
the	O
customers	O
better	O
or	O
to	O
handle	O
circumstances	O
not	O
foreseen	O
by	O
the	O
process	O
model	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
identify	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
discrepancies	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
can	O
notice	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
footprint	O
matrix	O
of	O
model	O
M	O
,	O
the	O
pattern	O
(	O
a	O
,	O
d	O
)	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
occur	O
,	O
hence	O
,	O
it	O
causes	O
a	O
deviation	B-General_Concept
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
the	O
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Token-based	B-Algorithm
replay	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
technique	O
that	O
uses	O
4	O
counters	O
(	O
produced	O
tokens	O
,	O
consumed	O
tokens	O
,	O
missing	O
tokens	O
and	O
remaining	O
tokens	O
)	O
to	O
compute	O
the	O
fitness	O
of	O
an	O
observation	O
trace	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
given	O
process	O
model	O
in	O
Petri-net	O
notation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
token-replay	B-Algorithm
technique	I-Algorithm
is	O
efficient	O
and	O
easy	O
to	O
understand	O
,	O
the	O
approach	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
Petri	O
net	O
notation	O
and	O
does	O
n't	O
consider	O
the	O
suitable	O
path	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
model	O
for	O
the	O
unfit	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alignments	O
were	O
introduced	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
limitations	O
and	O
is	O
considered	O
a	O
highly	O
accurate	O
conformance	B-Algorithm
checking	I-Algorithm
technique	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
for	O
any	O
process	O
modeling	O
notation	O
.	O
</s>
