<s>
Conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
(	O
CA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
term	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
software	O
and	O
to	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
is	O
that	O
‘	O
just-in-time	O
’	O
evaluation	O
to	O
ensure	O
the	O
person	O
who	O
is	O
seeking	O
access	O
to	O
content	O
is	O
authorized	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Said	O
another	O
way	O
,	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
access	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
function	O
that	O
lets	O
you	O
manage	O
people	O
’s	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
in	O
question	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
email	O
,	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
usually	O
offered	O
as	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
(	O
Software-as-a-Service	B-Architecture
)	O
and	O
deployed	O
in	O
organizations	O
to	O
keep	O
company	O
data	O
safe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
setting	O
up	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
,	O
access	O
can	O
be	O
limited	O
to	O
or	O
prevented	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
policy	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
system	B-Application
administrator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
policy	O
might	O
require	O
access	O
is	O
available	O
from	O
certain	O
networks	O
,	O
or	O
access	O
is	O
blocked	O
when	O
a	O
specific	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
is	O
requesting	O
the	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
Digital	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
(	O
DVB	B-Application
)	O
standard	O
,	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
standards	O
are	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
specification	O
documents	O
for	O
DVB-CA	B-Application
(	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
)	O
,	O
DVB-CSA	B-Device
(	O
the	O
common	B-Device
scrambling	I-Device
algorithm	I-Device
)	O
and	O
DVB-CI	B-Device
(	O
the	O
Common	B-Device
Interface	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVB	B-Application
specifications	O
for	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
are	O
available	O
from	O
the	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
control	O
word	O
is	O
generated	O
automatically	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
successive	O
values	O
are	O
not	O
usually	O
predictable	O
;	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
specification	O
recommends	O
using	O
a	O
physical	O
process	O
for	O
that	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encryption	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
control	O
word	O
during	O
transmission	O
to	O
the	O
receiver	O
:	O
the	O
control	O
word	O
is	O
encrypted	O
as	O
an	O
entitlement	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
message	I-Architecture
(	O
ECM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2	I-Device
was	O
hacked	O
,	O
Digital+	O
started	O
sending	O
a	O
new	O
EMM	O
every	O
three	O
days	O
to	O
make	O
unauthorized	O
viewing	O
more	O
cumbersome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
contents	O
of	O
ECMs	O
and	O
EMMs	O
are	O
not	O
standardized	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
they	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
several	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
DVB	B-Application
feature	O
called	O
simulcrypt	O
,	O
which	O
saves	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
encourages	O
multiplex	O
operators	O
to	O
cooperate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decryption	O
cards	O
are	O
read	O
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
updated	O
with	O
specific	O
access	O
rights	O
,	O
either	O
through	O
a	O
conditional-access	B-Device
module	I-Device
(	O
CAM	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
PC	O
card-format	O
card	O
reader	O
meeting	O
DVB-CI	B-Device
standards	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
a	O
built-in	O
ISO/IEC	O
7816	O
card	O
reader	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
that	O
in	O
the	O
Sky	O
Digibox	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
provide	O
competing	O
CA	O
systems	O
;	O
ABV	O
,	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
,	O
Irdeto	O
,	O
Nagravision	B-Device
,	O
Conax	B-Device
,	O
Viaccess	B-Device
,	O
Synamedia	B-Device
,	O
Mediaguard	B-Device
(	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
common	O
usage	O
of	O
CA	O
in	O
DVB	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
many	O
tools	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
or	O
even	O
directly	B-Application
circumvent	I-Application
encryption	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
proportion	O
of	O
the	O
systems	O
currently	O
in	O
use	O
for	O
DVB	B-Application
encryption	O
have	O
been	O
opened	O
to	O
full	O
decryption	O
at	O
some	O
point	O
,	O
including	O
Nagravision	B-Device
,	O
Conax	B-Device
,	O
Viaccess	B-Device
,	O
Mediaguard	B-Device
(	O
v1	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canada	O
and	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
is	O
provided	O
with	O
CableCARDs	B-Application
whose	O
specification	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
cable	O
company	O
consortium	O
CableLabs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cable	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
are	O
required	O
by	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
to	O
support	O
CableCARDs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next-generation	O
approaches	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
eschew	O
such	O
physical	O
cards	O
and	O
employ	O
schemes	O
using	O
downloadable	O
software	O
for	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
such	O
as	O
DCAS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
appeal	O
of	O
such	O
approaches	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
access	O
control	O
may	O
be	O
upgraded	O
dynamically	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
security	O
breaches	O
without	O
requiring	O
expensive	O
exchanges	O
of	O
physical	O
conditional-access	B-Device
modules	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
0x4AFC	O
Panaccess	O
Panaccess	O
Systems	O
GmbH	O
2010	O
Secure	O
(	O
Farncombe	O
Certified	O
)	O
CA	O
for	O
DVB-S/S2	O
,	O
DVB-T/T2	O
,	O
DVB-C	O
,	O
DVB-IP	O
,	O
OTT	O
,	O
VOD	O
,	O
Catchup	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
0x4B19	O
RCAS	O
or	O
RIDSYS	O
cas	O
RIDSYS	O
,	O
INDIA	O
2012	O
Secure	O
CA	O
for	O
DVB-C	O
,	O
IPTV	O
,	O
OTT	O
,	O
VOD	O
,	O
Catchup	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2018	O
Compromised	O
,	O
BISS2	O
secure	O
0x27A0-0x27A4ICAS	O
(	O
Indian	O
CAS	O
)	O
ByDesign	O
India	O
Private	O
Limited2015Advanced	O
Embedded	O
Secure	O
0x4900	O
China	O
Crypt	O
CrytoWorks	O
(	O
China	O
)	O
(	O
Irdeto	O
)	O
Unknown	O
0x22F0	O
Codicrypt	O
Scopus	O
Network	O
Technologies	O
(	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
Harmonic	O
)	O
Unknown	O
Secure	O
0x4AEA	O
Cryptoguard	O
Cryptoguard	O
AB	O
2008	O
Secure	O
0x0B00	O
Conax	B-Device
Contego	O
Conax	B-Device
AS	O
Unknown	O
Secure	O
0x0B00	O
Conax	B-Device
CAS	O
5	O
Conax	B-Device
AS	O
Unknown	O
Compromised	O
Pirate	O
cards	O
has	O
existed	O
0x0B00	O
Conax	B-Device
CAS	O
7.5	O
Conax	B-Device
AS	O
Unknown	O
Secure	O
0x0B00	O
,	O
0x0B01	O
,	O
0x0B02	O
,	O
0x0BAA	O
Conax	B-Device
CAS	O
7	O
Conax	B-Device
AS	O
Unknown	O
Compromised	O
Cardsharing	B-Device
0x0B01	O
,	O
0x0B02	O
,	O
0x0B03	O
,	O
0x0B04	O
,	O
0x0B05	O
,	O
0x0B06	O
,	O
0x0B07	O
Conax	B-Device
CAS	O
3	O
Conax	B-Device
AS	O
Unknown	O
Compromised	O
Pirate	O
cards	O
has	O
existed	O
0x4AE4	O
CoreCrypt	O
CoreTrust(Korea )	O
2000	O
S/W	O
&	O
H/W	O
Security	O
CA	O
for	O
IPTV	O
,	O
Satellite	O
,	O
Cable	O
TV	O
and	O
Mobile	O
TV	O
0x4347	O
CryptOn	O
CryptOn	O
Unknown	O
0x0D00	O
,	O
0x0D02	O
,	O
0x0D03	O
,	O
0x0D05	O
,	O
0x0D07	O
,	O
0x0D20	O
Cryptoworks	B-Device
Philips	O
CryptoTec	O
Unknown	O
Partly	O
compromised	O
(	O
older	O
smartcards	O
)	O
0x4ABF	O
CTI-CAS	O
Beijing	O
Compunicate	O
Technology	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unknown	O
0x0700	O
DigiCipher	B-Device
2	I-Device
Jerrold/GI/Motorola	O
4DTV	O
1997	O
Compromised	O
DVB-S2	O
compatible	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
retail	O
BUD	O
dish	O
service	O
and	O
for	O
commercial	O
operations	O
as	O
source	O
programming	O
for	O
cable	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
Programming	O
Center	O
shut	O
down	O
its	O
consumer	O
usage	O
of	O
DigiCipher	B-Device
2	I-Device
(	O
as	O
4DTV	O
)	O
on	O
August	O
24	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
being	O
used	O
for	O
cable	O
headends	O
across	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
Shaw	O
Direct	O
in	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
0x4A70	O
DreamCrypt	O
Dream	O
Multimedia	O
2004	O
Proposed	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
used	O
for	O
Dreambox	O
receivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unknown	O
0x5581	O
Bulcrypt	O
Bulcrypt	O
2009	O
Used	O
in	O
Bulgaria	O
and	O
Serbia	O
0x0606	O
Irdeto	O
1	O
Irdeto	O
1995	O
Compromised	O
0x0602	O
,	O
0x0604	O
,	O
0x0606	O
,	O
0x0608	O
,	O
0x0622	O
,	O
0x0626	O
,	O
0x0664	O
,	O
0x0614	O
Irdeto	O
2	O
Irdeto	O
2000	O
0x0692	O
Irdeto	O
3	O
Irdeto	O
2010	O
Secure	O
0x4AA1	O
KeyFly	B-Device
SIDSA	O
2006	O
Partly	O
compromised	O
(	O
v	O
.	O
1.0	O
)	O
0x0100	O
Seca	O
Mediaguard	B-Device
1	O
SECA	O
1995	O
Compromised	O
0x0100	O
Seca	O
Mediaguard	B-Device
2	O
(	O
v1+	O
)	O
SECA	O
2002	O
Partly	O
compromised	O
(	O
MOSC	O
available	O
)	O
0x0100	O
Seca	O
Mediaguard	B-Device
3	O
SECA	O
2008	O
0x1800	O
,	O
0x1801	O
,	O
0x1810	O
,	O
0x1830	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Nagravision	B-Device
2003	O
Compromised	O
0x1801	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Carmageddon	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Unknown	O
Combination	O
of	O
Nagravision	B-Device
with	O
BetaCrypt	O
0x1702	O
,	O
0x1722	O
,	O
0x1762	O
,	O
0x1801	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Aladin	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Unknown	O
0x1801	O
Nagravision	B-Device
3	O
-	O
Merlin	O
Nagravision	B-Device
2007	O
Secure	O
0x1801	O
Nagravision	B-Device
-	O
ELK	O
Nagravision	B-Device
Circa	O
2008	O
IPTV	O
0x4A02	O
Tongfang	O
Tsinghua	O
Tongfang	O
Company	O
2007	O
Secure	O
0x4AD4	O
OmniCrypt	O
Widevine	O
Technologies	O
2004	O
0x0E00	O
PowerVu	B-Device
Scientific	O
Atlanta	O
1998	O
Compromised	O
Professional	O
system	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
cable	O
operators	O
for	O
source	O
programming	O
0x0E00	O
PowerVu+	O
Scientific	O
Atlanta	O
2009	O
0x1000	O
RAS	O
(	O
Remote	O
Authorisation	O
System	O
)	O
Tandberg	O
Television	O
Unknown	O
Professional	O
system	O
,	O
not	O
intended	O
for	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
0x4AC1	O
Latens	O
Systems	O
Latens	O
2002	O
0xA101	O
RosCrypt-M	O
NIIR	O
2006	O
0x4A60	O
,	O
0x4A61	O
,	O
0x4A63	O
SkyCrypt/Neotioncrypt/Neotion	O
SHL	O
AtSky/Neotion	O
2003	O
Unknown	O
T-crypt	O
Tecsys	O
Unknown	O
0x4A80	O
ThalesCrypt	O
Thales	O
Broadcast	O
&	O
Multimedia	O
Unknown	O
Viaccess	B-Device
modification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
0x0500	O
TPS-Crypt	O
France	O
Telecom	O
Unknown	O
Compromised	O
Viaccess	B-Device
modification	O
used	O
with	O
Viaccess	B-Device
2.3	O
0x0500	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC2.3	O
,	O
or	O
Viaccess	B-Device
1	O
France	O
Telecom	O
Unknown	O
0x0500	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC2.4	O
,	O
or	O
Viaccess	B-Device
2	O
France	O
Telecom	O
2002	O
0x0500	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC2.5	O
,	O
or	O
Viaccess	B-Device
2	O
France	O
Telecom	O
Unknown	O
0x0500	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC2.6	O
,	O
or	O
Viaccess	B-Device
3	O
France	O
Telecom	O
2005	O
0x0500	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC3.0	O
France	O
Telecom	O
2007	O
0x0500	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC4.0	O
France	O
Telecom	O
2008	O
Unknown	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC5.0	O
France	O
Telecom	O
2011	O
Secure	O
Unknown	O
Viaccess	B-Device
PC6.0	O
France	O
Telecom	O
2015	O
0x0930	O
,	O
0x0942	O
Synamedia	B-Device
VideoGuard	B-Device
1	O
NDS	O
(	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
Synamedia	B-Device
)	O
1994	O
Partly	O
compromised	O
(	O
older	O
smartcards	O
)	O
0x0911	O
,	O
0x0960	O
Synamedia	B-Device
VideoGuard	B-Device
2	O
NDS	O
(	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
Synamedia	B-Device
)	O
1999	O
Secure	O
0x0919	O
,	O
0x0961	O
,	O
0x09AC	O
Synamedia	B-Device
VideoGuard	B-Device
3	O
NDS	O
(	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
Synamedia	B-Device
)	O
2004	O
Secure	O
0x0927	O
,	O
0x0963	O
,	O
0x093b	O
,	O
0x09CD	O
Synamedia	B-Device
VideoGuard	B-Device
4	O
NDS	O
(	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
Synamedia	B-Device
)	O
2009	O
Secure	O
0x56D0	O
Onnet	O
CA/DRM	O
Onnet	O
Systems	O
India	O
Pvt	O
.	O
</s>
