<s>
A	O
computer	B-Application
wargame	I-Application
is	O
a	O
wargame	B-Application
played	O
on	O
a	O
digital	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Descended	O
from	O
board	O
wargaming	O
,	O
it	O
simulates	O
military	O
conflict	O
at	O
the	O
tactical	O
,	O
operational	B-Application
or	O
strategic	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
wargames	I-Application
are	O
both	O
sold	O
commercially	O
for	O
recreational	O
use	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
military	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
wargames	I-Application
derived	O
from	O
tabletop	O
wargames	B-Application
,	O
which	O
range	O
from	O
military	O
wargaming	O
to	O
recreational	O
wargaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wargames	B-Application
appeared	O
on	O
computers	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
Empire	B-Application
in	O
1972	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wargaming	O
community	O
saw	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
computer	O
gaming	O
early	O
and	O
made	O
attempts	O
to	O
break	O
into	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
notably	O
Avalon	O
Hill	O
's	O
Microcomputer	O
Games	O
line	O
,	O
which	O
began	O
in	O
1980	B-Application
and	O
covered	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
topics	O
,	O
including	O
adaptations	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
wargames	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1980	B-Application
Strategic	O
Simulations	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
SSI	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
sell	O
a	O
serious	O
,	O
professionally	O
packaged	O
computer	B-Application
wargame	I-Application
,	O
Computer	B-Application
Bismarck	I-Application
,	O
a	O
turn-based	O
game	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
last	O
battle	O
of	O
the	O
battleship	O
Bismarck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wargame	B-Application
designer	O
Gary	O
Grigsby	O
joined	O
the	O
industry	O
in	O
1982	O
with	O
Guadalcanal	B-Application
Campaign	I-Application
,	O
published	O
by	O
SSI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
cited	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
monster	O
wargame	B-Application
developed	O
for	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grigsby	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
respected	O
designers	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
wargames	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1996	B-Application
he	O
had	O
released	O
23	O
wargames	B-Application
with	O
SSI	O
,	O
including	O
Steel	B-Application
Panthers	I-Application
,	O
a	O
commercial	O
hit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
he	O
co-founded	O
the	O
studio	O
2	O
by	O
3	O
Games	O
with	O
SSI	O
's	O
Joel	O
Billings	O
and	O
Keith	O
Brors	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
continued	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
on	O
wargames	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSI	O
and	O
Strategic	O
Studies	O
Group	O
(	O
SSG	O
)	O
were	O
computer	O
game	O
companies	O
that	O
continued	O
the	O
genre	O
by	O
specializing	O
in	O
games	O
that	O
borrowed	O
from	O
board	O
and	O
miniature	O
wargames	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TalonSoft	O
started	O
in	O
1995	B-Application
with	O
a	O
similar	O
focus	O
,	O
until	O
purchased	O
and	O
later	O
closed	O
down	O
by	O
Take-Two	O
Interactive	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
wargames	I-Application
primarily	O
focus	O
on	O
simulated	O
battles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
games	O
usually	O
use	O
a	O
much	O
faster	O
time	O
line	O
than	O
reality	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
wargames	B-Application
often	O
do	O
not	O
model	O
night	O
time	O
or	O
sleep	O
periods	O
,	O
though	O
some	O
games	O
apply	O
them	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
time-consuming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tabletop	O
wargames	B-Application
are	O
usually	O
categorized	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
scale	O
of	O
the	O
confrontation	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
grand	O
strategy	O
wargame	B-Application
,	O
strategic	O
wargame	B-Application
,	O
operational	B-Application
wargame	B-Application
,	O
tactical	O
wargame	B-Application
or	O
man-to-man	O
wargame	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
qualifiers	O
"	O
real-time	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
turn-based	O
"	O
are	O
not	O
taken	O
into	O
account	O
as	O
all	O
tabletop	O
wargames	B-Application
are	O
,	O
by	O
necessity	O
,	O
turn-based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
Bismarck	I-Application
-	O
(	O
Strategic	O
Simulations	O
,	O
1980	B-Application
)	O
-	O
generally	O
credited	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
serious	O
"	O
computer	O
war-game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eastern	B-Application
Front	I-Application
(	O
1941	O
)	O
-	O
(	O
Atari	B-Application
Program	I-Application
Exchange	I-Application
,	O
1981	B-Application
)	O
-	O
Called	O
"	O
the	O
first	O
war	O
game	O
that	O
competed	O
with	O
pencil-and-paper	O
games	O
"	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
best	O
selling	O
programs	O
on	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panzer	B-Application
General	I-Application
-	O
(	O
Strategic	O
Simulations	O
,	O
1994	B-Application
)	O
-	O
recognizably	O
a	O
traditional	O
wargame	B-Application
next	O
to	O
Close	B-Application
Combat	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steel	B-Application
Panthers	I-Application
-	O
(	O
Strategic	O
Simulations	O
,	O
1995	B-Application
)	O
-	O
a	O
tactical	O
wargame	B-Application
on	O
the	O
same	O
scale	O
as	O
Squad	O
Leader	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
two	O
sequels	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
titles	O
by	O
Camo	O
Workshop/Shrapnel	O
Games	O
and	O
Matrix	O
Games	O
,	O
for	O
free	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Close	B-Application
Combat	I-Application
-	O
(	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
1996	B-Application
)	O
-	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
wargame	B-Application
to	O
break	O
out	O
from	O
hexes	O
,	O
and	O
still	O
presented	O
in	O
a	O
2-dimensional	O
format	O
,	O
Close	B-Application
Combat	I-Application
addressed	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
individual	O
morale	O
and	O
reluctance	O
to	O
carry	O
out	O
orders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Close	B-Application
Combat	I-Application
stemmed	O
from	O
an	O
early	O
attempt	O
to	O
translate	O
the	O
Squad	O
Leader	O
boardgame	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Operational	I-Application
Art	I-Application
of	I-Application
War	I-Application
Vol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TacOps	B-Application
–	O
(	O
Major	O
I.L.	O
</s>
<s>
Wargame	B-Application
:	I-Application
Red	I-Application
Dragon	I-Application
–	O
(	O
Eugen	O
Systems	O
,	O
2014	O
)	O
–	O
a	O
3D	O
regiment	O
or	O
brigade	B-Application
scale	O
simulation	O
set	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Cold	O
War	O
Gone	O
Hot	O
"	O
themed	O
game	O
in	O
both	O
multiplayer	O
and	O
singleplayer	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hegemony	B-Application
-	O
(	O
Longbow	O
Games	O
)	O
-	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
historical	O
wargames	B-Application
set	O
in	O
antiquity	O
,	O
with	O
real-time	O
strategy	O
and	O
real	O
time	O
battles	O
on	O
one	O
seamless	O
map	O
,	O
notable	O
for	O
its	O
elegant	O
supply	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hearts	B-Application
of	I-Application
Iron	I-Application
–	O
(	O
Paradox	O
Interactive	O
)	O
−	O
a	O
grand	O
strategy	O
wargame	B-Application
series	O
that	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
World	O
War	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Player	O
may	O
act	O
as	O
any	O
reasonably	O
sized	O
nation	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
influencing	O
international	O
politics	O
,	O
economic	O
and	O
military	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
control	O
battlefields	O
on	O
both	O
strategic	O
and	O
operational	B-Application
levels	O
using	O
combined	O
arms	O
.	O
</s>
