<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
tasks	O
include	O
methods	O
for	O
acquiring	B-Algorithm
,	O
processing	B-Algorithm
,	O
analyzing	B-General_Concept
and	O
understanding	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
extraction	O
of	O
high-dimensional	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
produce	O
numerical	O
or	O
symbolic	O
information	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
image	B-Application
understanding	I-Application
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
disentangling	O
of	O
symbolic	O
information	O
from	O
image	O
data	O
using	O
models	O
constructed	O
with	O
the	O
aid	O
of	O
geometry	O
,	O
physics	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
and	O
learning	O
theory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scientific	O
discipline	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
theory	O
behind	O
artificial	O
systems	O
that	O
extract	O
information	O
from	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technological	O
discipline	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
seeks	O
to	O
apply	O
its	O
theories	O
and	O
models	O
to	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sub-domains	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
include	O
scene	B-Algorithm
reconstruction	I-Algorithm
,	O
object	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
,	O
event	B-Application
detection	I-Application
,	O
video	B-Operating_System
tracking	I-Operating_System
,	O
object	O
recognition	O
,	O
3D	B-General_Concept
pose	I-General_Concept
estimation	I-General_Concept
,	O
learning	O
,	O
indexing	B-Application
,	O
motion	O
estimation	O
,	O
visual	O
servoing	O
,	O
3D	O
scene	O
modeling	O
,	O
and	O
image	B-Algorithm
restoration	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adopting	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
technology	O
might	O
be	O
painstaking	O
for	O
organizations	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
single	O
point	O
solution	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
very	O
few	O
companies	O
that	O
provide	O
a	O
unified	O
and	O
distributed	O
platform	O
or	O
an	O
Operating	O
System	O
where	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
applications	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
deployed	O
and	O
managed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
an	O
interdisciplinary	O
field	O
that	O
deals	O
with	O
how	O
computers	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
gain	O
high-level	O
understanding	O
from	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
or	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
automatic	O
extraction	O
,	O
analysis	O
and	O
understanding	O
of	O
useful	O
information	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
image	O
or	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
scientific	O
discipline	O
,	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
theory	O
behind	O
artificial	O
systems	O
that	O
extract	O
information	O
from	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
data	O
can	O
take	O
many	O
forms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
sequences	O
,	O
views	O
from	O
multiple	O
cameras	O
,	O
or	O
multi-dimensional	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
medical	B-Application
scanner	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
technological	O
discipline	O
,	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
seeks	O
to	O
apply	O
its	O
theories	O
and	O
models	O
for	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
began	O
at	O
universities	O
that	O
were	O
pioneering	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
What	O
distinguished	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
from	O
the	O
prevalent	O
field	O
of	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
at	O
that	O
time	O
was	O
a	O
desire	O
to	O
extract	O
three-dimensional	O
structure	O
from	O
images	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
achieving	O
full	O
scene	O
understanding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
formed	O
the	O
early	O
foundations	O
for	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
algorithms	O
that	O
exist	O
today	O
,	O
including	O
extraction	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
edges	I-Algorithm
from	O
images	O
,	O
labeling	O
of	O
lines	O
,	O
non-polyhedral	O
and	O
polyhedral	O
modeling	O
,	O
representation	O
of	O
objects	O
as	O
interconnections	O
of	O
smaller	O
structures	O
,	O
optical	O
flow	O
,	O
and	O
motion	O
estimation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
decade	O
saw	O
studies	O
based	O
on	O
more	O
rigorous	O
mathematical	O
analysis	O
and	O
quantitative	O
aspects	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
scale-space	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
inference	O
of	O
shape	O
from	O
various	O
cues	O
such	O
as	O
shading	B-General_Concept
,	O
texture	O
and	O
focus	O
,	O
and	O
contour	B-General_Concept
models	I-General_Concept
known	I-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
snakes	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
in	O
projective	O
3-D	B-Algorithm
reconstructions	I-Algorithm
led	O
to	O
better	O
understanding	O
of	O
camera	B-Algorithm
calibration	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
optimization	O
methods	O
for	O
camera	B-Algorithm
calibration	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
was	O
realized	O
that	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
the	O
ideas	O
were	O
already	O
explored	O
in	O
bundle	B-General_Concept
adjustment	I-General_Concept
theory	O
from	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
photogrammetry	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
methods	O
for	O
sparse	O
3-D	B-Algorithm
reconstructions	I-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
scenes	I-Algorithm
from	I-Algorithm
multiple	I-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
variations	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
graph	I-Algorithm
cut	I-Algorithm
were	O
used	O
to	O
solve	O
image	B-Algorithm
segmentation	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
decade	O
also	O
marked	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
statistical	O
learning	O
techniques	O
were	O
used	O
in	O
practice	O
to	O
recognize	O
faces	O
in	O
images	O
(	O
see	O
Eigenface	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toward	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
a	O
significant	O
change	O
came	O
about	O
with	O
the	O
increased	O
interaction	O
between	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
computer	O
graphics	O
and	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
image-based	O
rendering	O
,	O
image	O
morphing	O
,	O
view	O
interpolation	O
,	O
panoramic	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
stitching	I-Algorithm
and	O
early	O
light-field	O
rendering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
work	O
has	O
seen	O
the	O
resurgence	O
of	O
feature-based	O
methods	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
and	O
complex	O
optimization	O
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advancement	O
of	O
Deep	B-Algorithm
Learning	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
has	O
brought	O
further	O
life	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
accuracy	O
of	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
on	O
several	O
benchmark	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
data	O
sets	O
for	O
tasks	O
ranging	O
from	O
classification	O
,	O
segmentation	B-Algorithm
and	O
optical	O
flow	O
has	O
surpassed	O
prior	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solid-state	O
physics	O
is	O
another	O
field	O
that	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
rely	O
on	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
detect	O
electromagnetic	O
radiation	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
typically	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
either	O
visible	O
or	O
infrared	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physics	O
explains	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
optics	B-Algorithm
which	O
are	O
a	O
core	O
part	O
of	O
most	O
imaging	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sophisticated	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
even	O
require	O
quantum	O
mechanics	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
complete	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
formation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
various	O
measurement	O
problems	O
in	O
physics	O
can	O
be	O
addressed	O
using	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
motion	O
in	O
fluids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neurobiology	O
has	O
greatly	O
influenced	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
last	O
century	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
extensive	O
study	O
of	O
eyes	O
,	O
neurons	O
,	O
and	O
brain	O
structures	O
devoted	O
to	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
visual	O
stimuli	O
in	O
both	O
humans	O
and	O
various	O
animals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
results	O
have	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
sub-field	O
within	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
where	O
artificial	O
systems	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
mimic	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
and	O
behavior	O
of	O
biological	O
systems	O
at	O
different	O
levels	O
of	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
learning-based	O
methods	O
developed	O
within	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
neural	B-Architecture
net	I-Architecture
and	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
based	O
image	O
and	O
feature	B-Algorithm
analysis	O
and	O
classification	O
)	O
have	O
their	O
background	O
in	O
neurobiology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Neocognitron	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
by	O
Kunihiko	O
Fukushima	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
early	O
example	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
taking	O
direct	O
inspiration	O
from	O
neurobiology	O
,	O
specifically	O
the	O
primary	O
visual	O
cortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
strands	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
research	O
are	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
biological	O
vision	O
—	O
indeed	O
,	O
just	O
as	O
many	O
strands	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
are	O
closely	O
tied	O
with	O
research	O
into	O
human	O
intelligence	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
stored	O
knowledge	O
to	O
interpret	O
,	O
integrate	O
and	O
utilize	O
visual	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
develops	O
and	O
describes	O
the	O
algorithms	O
implemented	O
in	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
behind	O
artificial	O
vision	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
interdisciplinary	O
exchange	O
between	O
biological	O
and	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
has	O
proven	O
fruitful	O
for	O
both	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
another	O
field	O
related	O
to	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
signal	O
processing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
methods	O
for	O
processing	B-Algorithm
of	O
one-variable	O
signals	O
,	O
typically	O
temporal	O
signals	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
extended	O
in	O
a	O
natural	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
of	O
two-variable	O
signals	O
or	O
multi-variable	O
signals	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
specific	O
nature	O
of	O
images	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
methods	O
developed	O
within	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
that	O
have	O
no	O
counterpart	O
in	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
of	O
one-variable	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
with	O
the	O
multi-dimensionality	O
of	O
the	O
signal	O
,	O
this	O
defines	O
a	O
subfield	O
in	O
signal	O
processing	B-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robot	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
sometimes	O
deals	O
with	O
autonomous	O
path	O
planning	O
or	O
deliberation	O
for	O
robotic	O
systems	O
to	O
navigate	B-General_Concept
through	I-General_Concept
an	I-General_Concept
environment	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
about	O
the	O
environment	O
could	O
be	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
system	O
,	O
acting	O
as	O
a	O
vision	O
sensor	O
and	O
providing	O
high-level	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
environment	O
and	O
the	O
robot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
above-mentioned	O
views	O
on	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
related	O
research	O
topics	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
studied	O
from	O
a	O
purely	O
mathematical	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
methods	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
statistics	O
,	O
optimization	O
or	O
geometry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
a	O
significant	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
field	O
is	O
devoted	O
to	O
the	O
implementation	O
aspect	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
;	O
how	O
existing	O
methods	O
can	O
be	O
realized	O
in	O
various	O
combinations	O
of	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
,	O
or	O
how	O
these	O
methods	O
can	O
be	O
modified	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
gain	O
processing	B-Algorithm
speed	O
without	O
losing	O
too	O
much	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
fashion	O
eCommerce	O
,	O
inventory	O
management	O
,	O
patent	O
search	O
,	O
furniture	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
beauty	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fields	O
most	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
are	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
input	O
is	O
an	O
image	O
and	O
the	O
output	O
is	O
an	O
image	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
whereas	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
an	O
image	O
or	O
a	O
video	O
is	O
taken	O
as	O
an	O
input	O
and	O
the	O
output	O
could	O
be	O
an	O
enhanced	O
image	O
,	O
an	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
an	O
image	O
or	O
even	O
behavior	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
such	O
understanding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
graphics	O
produces	O
image	O
data	O
from	O
3D	O
models	O
,	O
and	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
often	O
produces	O
3D	O
models	O
from	O
image	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
trend	O
towards	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
disciplines	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
as	O
explored	O
in	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
tend	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
2D	O
images	O
,	O
how	O
to	O
transform	O
one	O
image	O
to	O
another	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
by	O
pixel-wise	O
operations	O
such	O
as	O
contrast	O
enhancement	O
,	O
local	O
operations	O
such	O
as	O
edge	O
extraction	O
or	O
noise	O
removal	O
,	O
or	O
geometrical	O
transformations	O
such	O
as	O
rotating	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
includes	O
3D	O
analysis	O
from	O
2D	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
often	O
relies	O
on	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
complex	O
assumptions	O
about	O
the	O
scene	O
depicted	O
in	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
applying	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
technologies	O
and	O
methods	O
to	O
provide	O
imaging-based	O
automatic	O
inspection	O
,	O
process	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
robot	O
guidance	O
in	O
industrial	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
tends	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
applications	O
,	O
mainly	O
in	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
vision-based	O
robots	O
and	O
systems	O
for	O
vision-based	O
inspection	O
,	O
measurement	O
,	O
or	O
picking	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
bin	B-General_Concept
picking	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
implies	O
that	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
technologies	O
and	O
control	O
theory	O
often	O
are	O
integrated	O
with	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
of	O
image	O
data	O
to	O
control	O
a	O
robot	O
and	O
that	O
real-time	O
processing	B-Algorithm
is	O
emphasized	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
efficient	O
implementations	O
in	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
implies	O
that	O
external	O
conditions	O
such	O
as	O
lighting	O
can	O
be	O
and	O
are	O
often	O
more	O
controlled	O
in	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
than	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
general	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
enable	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
different	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
field	O
called	O
imaging	O
which	O
primarily	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
producing	O
images	O
,	O
but	O
sometimes	O
also	O
deals	O
with	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
and	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
images	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
medical	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
includes	O
substantial	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
image	O
data	O
in	O
medical	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
is	O
a	O
field	O
that	O
uses	O
various	O
methods	O
to	O
extract	O
information	O
from	O
signals	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
mainly	O
based	O
on	O
statistical	O
approaches	O
and	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photogrammetry	B-Application
also	O
overlaps	O
with	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
stereophotogrammetry	B-Algorithm
vs.	O
computer	B-Algorithm
stereo	I-Algorithm
vision	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
range	O
from	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
industrial	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
systems	O
which	O
,	O
say	O
,	O
inspect	O
bottles	O
speeding	O
by	O
on	O
a	O
production	O
line	O
,	O
to	O
research	O
into	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
computers	O
or	O
robots	O
that	O
can	O
comprehend	O
the	O
world	O
around	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
and	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
fields	O
have	O
significant	O
overlap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
covers	O
the	O
core	O
technology	O
of	O
automated	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
which	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
usually	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
process	O
of	O
combining	O
automated	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
with	O
other	O
methods	O
and	O
technologies	O
to	O
provide	O
automated	O
inspection	O
and	O
robot	O
guidance	O
in	O
industrial	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
applications	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
include	O
systems	O
for	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Detecting	B-Application
events	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
for	O
visual	B-General_Concept
surveillance	I-General_Concept
or	O
people	O
counting	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
restaurant	B-Application
industry	I-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
Modeling	O
objects	O
or	O
environments	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
medical	B-Application
image	I-Application
analysis	O
or	O
topographical	O
modeling	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Organizing	O
information	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
for	O
indexing	B-Application
databases	O
of	O
images	O
and	O
image	O
sequences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tracking	B-Operating_System
surfaces	O
or	O
planes	O
in	O
3D	O
coordinates	O
for	O
allowing	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
experiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
prominent	O
application	O
fields	O
is	O
medical	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
or	O
medical	B-Application
image	I-Application
processing	I-Application
,	O
characterized	O
by	O
the	O
extraction	O
of	O
information	O
from	O
image	O
data	O
to	O
diagnose	O
a	O
patient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
detection	B-General_Concept
of	O
tumours	O
,	O
arteriosclerosis	O
or	O
other	O
malign	O
changes	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
dental	O
pathologies	O
;	O
measurements	O
of	O
organ	O
dimensions	O
,	O
blood	O
flow	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
in	O
the	O
medical	O
area	O
also	O
include	O
enhancement	O
of	O
images	O
interpreted	O
by	O
humans	O
—	O
ultrasonic	O
images	O
or	O
X-ray	O
images	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
—	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
application	O
area	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
in	O
industry	O
,	O
sometimes	O
called	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
,	O
where	O
information	O
is	O
extracted	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
supporting	O
a	O
production	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
prevalent	O
fields	O
for	O
such	O
inspection	O
is	O
the	O
Wafer	B-Architecture
industry	O
in	O
which	O
every	O
single	O
Wafer	B-Architecture
is	O
being	O
measured	O
and	O
inspected	O
for	O
inaccuracies	O
or	O
defects	O
to	O
prevent	O
a	O
computer	O
chip	O
from	O
coming	O
to	O
market	O
in	O
an	O
unusable	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
heavily	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
agricultural	O
processes	O
to	O
remove	O
undesirable	O
food	O
stuff	O
from	O
bulk	O
material	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
called	O
optical	B-General_Concept
sorting	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Military	O
applications	O
are	O
probably	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
areas	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
obvious	O
examples	O
are	O
the	O
detection	B-General_Concept
of	O
enemy	O
soldiers	O
or	O
vehicles	O
and	O
missile	O
guidance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
military	O
concepts	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
battlefield	O
awareness	O
"	O
,	O
imply	O
that	O
various	O
sensors	O
,	O
including	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
provide	O
a	O
rich	O
set	O
of	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
combat	O
scene	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
support	O
strategic	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
automatic	O
processing	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
reduce	O
complexity	O
and	O
to	O
fuse	O
information	O
from	O
multiple	O
sensors	O
to	O
increase	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fully	O
autonomous	O
vehicles	O
typically	O
use	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
for	O
navigation	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
for	O
knowing	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
or	O
mapping	O
their	O
environment	O
(	O
SLAM	B-Application
)	O
,	O
for	O
detecting	O
obstacles	O
and/or	O
automatically	O
ensuring	O
navigational	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Space	O
exploration	O
is	O
already	O
being	O
made	O
with	O
autonomous	O
vehicles	O
using	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
NASA	O
's	O
Curiosity	O
and	O
CNSA	O
's	O
Yutu-2	O
rover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
of	O
visual	O
effects	O
creation	O
for	O
cinema	O
and	O
broadcast	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
camera	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
(	O
match	O
moving	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
areas	O
described	O
above	O
employ	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
tasks	O
;	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
well-defined	O
measurement	O
problems	O
or	O
processing	B-Algorithm
problems	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
solved	O
using	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
examples	O
of	O
typical	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
tasks	O
are	O
presented	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
tasks	O
include	O
methods	O
for	O
acquiring	B-Algorithm
,	O
processing	B-Algorithm
,	O
analyzing	B-General_Concept
and	O
understanding	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
extraction	O
of	O
high-dimensional	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
produce	O
numerical	O
or	O
symbolic	O
information	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
forms	O
of	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
image	B-Application
understanding	I-Application
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
disentangling	O
of	O
symbolic	O
information	O
from	O
image	O
data	O
using	O
models	O
constructed	O
with	O
the	O
aid	O
of	O
geometry	O
,	O
physics	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
and	O
learning	O
theory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classical	O
problem	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
of	O
determining	O
whether	O
or	O
not	O
the	O
image	O
data	O
contains	O
some	O
specific	O
object	O
,	O
feature	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	O
recognition	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
object	O
classification	O
)	O
one	O
or	O
several	O
pre-specified	O
or	O
learned	O
objects	O
or	O
object	O
classes	O
can	O
be	O
recognized	O
,	O
usually	O
together	O
with	O
their	O
2D	O
positions	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
or	O
3D	O
poses	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blippar	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Goggles	I-Application
,	O
and	O
LikeThat	O
provide	O
stand-alone	O
programs	O
that	O
illustrate	O
this	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
identification	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
person	O
's	O
face	O
or	O
fingerprint	O
,	O
identification	B-Application
of	I-Application
handwritten	I-Application
digits	I-Application
,	O
or	O
identification	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
detection	B-General_Concept
of	O
possible	O
abnormal	O
cells	O
or	O
tissues	O
in	O
medical	B-Application
images	I-Application
or	O
the	O
detection	B-General_Concept
of	O
a	O
vehicle	O
in	O
an	O
automatic	O
road	O
toll	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Detection	B-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
relatively	O
simple	O
and	O
fast	O
computations	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
for	O
finding	O
smaller	O
regions	O
of	O
interesting	O
image	O
data	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
further	O
analyzed	O
by	O
more	O
computationally	O
demanding	O
techniques	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
correct	O
interpretation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
the	O
best	O
algorithms	O
for	O
such	O
tasks	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
illustration	O
of	O
their	O
capabilities	O
is	O
given	O
by	O
the	O
ImageNet	O
Large	O
Scale	O
Visual	O
Recognition	O
Challenge	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
benchmark	O
in	O
object	O
classification	O
and	O
detection	B-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
millions	O
of	O
images	O
and	O
1000	O
object	O
classes	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
of	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
on	O
the	O
ImageNet	O
tests	O
is	O
now	O
close	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
good	O
at	O
classifying	O
objects	O
into	O
fine-grained	O
classes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
particular	O
breed	O
of	O
dog	O
or	O
species	O
of	O
bird	O
,	O
whereas	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
handle	O
this	O
with	O
ease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
content	O
can	O
be	O
specified	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
similarity	O
relative	O
to	O
a	O
target	O
image	O
(	O
give	O
me	O
all	O
images	O
similar	O
to	O
image	O
X	O
)	O
by	O
utilizing	O
reverse	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
search	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
high-level	O
search	O
criteria	O
given	O
as	O
text	O
input	O
(	O
give	O
me	O
all	O
images	O
which	O
contain	O
many	O
houses	O
,	O
are	O
taken	O
during	O
winter	O
and	O
have	O
no	O
cars	O
in	O
them	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pose	B-Architecture
estimationestimating	O
the	O
position	O
or	O
orientation	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
object	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
identifying	O
characters	O
in	O
images	O
of	O
printed	O
or	O
handwritten	O
text	O
,	O
usually	O
with	O
a	O
view	O
to	O
encoding	O
the	O
text	O
in	O
a	O
format	O
more	O
amenable	O
to	O
editing	O
or	O
indexing	B-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCII	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2D	O
code	O
readingreading	O
of	O
2D	O
codes	O
such	O
as	O
data	B-Algorithm
matrix	I-Algorithm
and	O
QR	O
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facial	O
recognition	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
enables	O
the	O
matching	O
of	O
faces	O
in	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
or	O
video	O
frames	O
to	O
a	O
face	O
database	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
now	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
mobile	O
phone	O
facelock	O
,	O
smart	O
door	O
locking	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
one	O
or	O
(	O
typically	O
)	O
more	O
images	O
of	O
a	O
scene	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
video	O
,	O
scene	B-Algorithm
reconstruction	I-Algorithm
aims	O
at	O
computing	B-Algorithm
a	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
model	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advent	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
not	O
requiring	O
motion	O
or	O
scanning	O
,	O
and	O
related	O
processing	B-Algorithm
algorithms	O
is	O
enabling	O
rapid	O
advances	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
restoration	I-Algorithm
comes	O
into	O
picture	O
when	O
the	O
original	O
image	O
is	O
degraded	O
or	O
damaged	O
due	O
to	O
some	O
external	O
factors	O
like	O
lens	O
wrong	O
positioning	O
,	O
transmission	O
interference	O
,	O
low	O
lighting	O
or	O
motion	O
blurs	O
and	O
etc	O
..	O
which	O
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
restoration	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
noise	O
(	O
sensor	O
noise	O
,	O
motion	O
blur	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
first	O
analyzing	B-General_Concept
the	O
image	O
data	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
local	O
image	O
structures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
lines	O
or	O
edges	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
then	O
controlling	O
the	O
filtering	O
based	O
on	O
local	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
analysis	O
step	O
,	O
a	O
better	O
level	O
of	O
noise	O
removal	O
is	O
usually	O
obtained	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
simpler	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
is	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
system	O
is	O
highly	O
application-dependent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
systems	O
are	O
stand-alone	O
applications	O
that	O
solve	O
a	O
specific	O
measurement	O
or	O
detection	B-General_Concept
problem	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
constitute	O
a	O
sub-system	O
of	O
a	O
larger	O
design	O
which	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
also	O
contains	O
sub-systems	O
for	O
control	O
of	O
mechanical	O
actuators	O
,	O
planning	O
,	O
information	O
databases	O
,	O
man-machine	O
interfaces	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specific	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
system	O
also	O
depends	O
on	O
whether	O
its	O
functionality	O
is	O
pre-specified	O
or	O
if	O
some	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
learned	O
or	O
modified	O
during	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
typical	O
functions	O
that	O
are	O
found	O
in	O
many	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	O
acquisition	O
–	O
A	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
is	O
produced	O
by	O
one	O
or	O
several	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
,	O
besides	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
light-sensitive	O
cameras	O
,	O
include	O
range	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
tomography	O
devices	O
,	O
radar	O
,	O
ultra-sonic	O
cameras	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pixel	O
values	O
typically	O
correspond	O
to	O
light	O
intensity	O
in	O
one	O
or	O
several	O
spectral	O
bands	O
(	O
gray	O
images	O
or	O
colour	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
related	O
to	O
various	O
physical	O
measures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
depth	O
,	O
absorption	O
or	O
reflectance	O
of	O
sonic	O
or	O
electromagnetic	O
waves	O
,	O
or	O
nuclear	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-processing	O
–	O
Before	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
method	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
image	O
data	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
extract	O
some	O
specific	O
piece	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
usually	O
necessary	O
to	O
process	O
the	O
data	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
assure	O
that	O
it	O
satisfies	O
certain	O
assumptions	O
implied	O
by	O
the	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scale	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
representation	I-Algorithm
to	O
enhance	O
image	O
structures	O
at	O
locally	O
appropriate	O
scales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Feature	B-Algorithm
extraction	O
–	O
Image	B-Algorithm
features	I-Algorithm
at	O
various	O
levels	O
of	O
complexity	O
are	O
extracted	O
from	O
the	O
image	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lines	O
,	O
edges	B-Algorithm
and	O
ridges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Localized	O
interest	O
points	O
such	O
as	O
corners	B-Algorithm
,	O
blobs	B-Algorithm
or	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Detection/segmentation	O
–	O
At	O
some	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
a	O
decision	O
is	O
made	O
about	O
which	O
image	O
points	O
or	O
regions	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
are	O
relevant	O
for	O
further	O
processing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segmentation	B-Algorithm
of	O
one	O
or	O
multiple	O
image	B-Algorithm
regions	I-Algorithm
that	O
contain	O
a	O
specific	O
object	O
of	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segmentation	B-Algorithm
of	O
image	O
into	O
nested	O
scene	O
architecture	O
comprising	O
foreground	O
,	O
object	O
groups	O
,	O
single	O
objects	O
or	O
salient	O
object	O
parts	O
(	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
spatial-taxon	O
scene	O
hierarchy	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
visual	O
salience	O
is	O
often	O
implemented	O
as	O
spatial	O
and	O
temporal	B-Application
attention	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segmentation	B-Algorithm
or	O
co-segmentation	B-Algorithm
of	O
one	O
or	O
multiple	O
videos	O
into	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
per-frame	O
foreground	O
masks	O
,	O
while	O
maintaining	O
its	O
temporal	O
semantic	O
continuity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-level	O
processing	B-Algorithm
–	O
At	O
this	O
step	O
the	O
input	O
is	O
typically	O
a	O
small	O
set	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
points	O
or	O
an	O
image	B-Algorithm
region	I-Algorithm
which	O
is	O
assumed	O
to	O
contain	O
a	O
specific	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remaining	O
processing	B-Algorithm
deals	O
with	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Estimation	O
of	O
application-specific	O
parameters	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
object	O
pose	B-Architecture
or	O
object	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
registration	I-Algorithm
–	O
comparing	O
and	O
combining	O
two	O
different	O
views	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image-understanding	O
systems	O
(	O
IUS	O
)	O
include	O
three	O
levels	O
of	O
abstraction	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
low	O
level	O
includes	O
image	O
primitives	O
such	O
as	O
edges	B-Algorithm
,	O
texture	O
elements	O
,	O
or	O
regions	O
;	O
intermediate	O
level	O
includes	O
boundaries	O
,	O
surfaces	O
and	O
volumes	O
;	O
and	O
high	O
level	O
includes	O
objects	O
,	O
scenes	O
,	O
or	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
inference	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
deriving	O
new	O
,	O
not	O
explicitly	O
represented	O
facts	O
from	O
currently	O
known	O
facts	O
,	O
control	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
process	O
that	O
selects	O
which	O
of	O
the	O
many	O
inference	O
,	O
search	O
,	O
and	O
matching	O
techniques	O
should	O
be	O
applied	O
at	O
a	O
particular	O
stage	O
of	O
processing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
kinds	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
contain	O
these	O
basic	O
elements	O
:	O
a	O
power	O
source	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
image	O
acquisition	O
device	O
(	O
camera	O
,	O
ccd	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
use	O
visible-light	O
cameras	O
passively	O
viewing	O
a	O
scene	O
at	O
frame	O
rates	O
of	O
at	O
most	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
usually	O
far	O
slower	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
systems	O
use	O
image-acquisition	O
hardware	O
with	O
active	O
illumination	O
or	O
something	O
other	O
than	O
visible	O
light	O
or	O
both	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
structured-light	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
scanners	I-Algorithm
,	O
thermographic	O
cameras	O
,	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
imagers	I-Application
,	O
radar	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
,	O
lidar	O
scanners	O
,	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
images	O
,	O
side-scan	O
sonar	O
,	O
synthetic	O
aperture	O
sonar	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
hardware	O
captures	O
"	O
images	O
"	O
that	O
are	O
then	O
processed	O
often	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
algorithms	O
used	O
to	O
process	O
visible-light	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
traditional	O
broadcast	O
and	O
consumer	O
video	O
systems	O
operate	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
advances	O
in	O
digital	B-General_Concept
signal	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
and	O
consumer	B-Architecture
graphics	I-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
has	O
made	O
high-speed	O
image	O
acquisition	O
,	O
processing	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
display	O
possible	O
for	O
real-time	O
systems	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
hundreds	O
to	O
thousands	O
of	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
applications	O
in	O
robotics	O
,	O
fast	O
,	O
real-time	O
video	O
systems	O
are	O
critically	O
important	O
and	O
often	O
can	O
simplify	O
the	O
processing	B-Algorithm
needed	O
for	O
certain	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
high-speed	O
projector	O
,	O
fast	O
image	O
acquisition	O
allows	O
3D	O
measurement	O
and	O
feature	B-Algorithm
tracking	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
realized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Egocentric	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
systems	O
are	O
composed	O
of	O
a	O
wearable	O
camera	O
that	O
automatically	O
take	O
pictures	O
from	O
a	O
first-person	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
vision	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
are	O
emerging	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
class	O
of	O
processor	O
,	O
to	O
complement	O
CPUs	O
and	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
in	O
this	O
role	O
.	O
</s>
