<s>
Computer	B-Application
reservation	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
or	O
central	O
reservation	B-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
CRS	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
computerized	O
systems	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
and	O
retrieve	O
information	O
and	O
conduct	O
transactions	O
related	O
to	O
air	O
travel	O
,	O
hotels	O
,	O
car	O
rental	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
designed	O
and	O
operated	O
by	O
airlines	O
,	O
CRSs	O
were	O
later	O
extended	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
travel	O
agencies	O
,	O
and	O
global	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
GDSs	O
)	O
to	O
book	O
and	O
sell	O
tickets	O
for	O
multiple	O
airlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
centralised	O
reservation	B-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
network-wide	O
system	O
disruptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1946	O
,	O
American	O
Airlines	O
installed	O
the	O
first	O
automated	O
booking	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
experimental	O
electromechanical	O
Reservisor	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
newer	O
machine	O
with	O
temporary	O
storage	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
magnetic	B-General_Concept
drum	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Magnetronic	B-Device
Reservisor	I-Device
,	O
soon	O
followed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
seriously	O
hampered	O
by	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
local	O
human	O
operators	O
to	O
do	O
the	O
actual	O
lookups	O
;	O
ticketing	O
agents	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
call	O
a	O
booking	O
office	O
,	O
whose	O
operators	O
would	O
direct	O
a	O
small	O
team	O
operating	O
the	O
Reservisor	B-Device
and	O
then	O
read	O
the	O
results	O
over	O
the	O
telephone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MARS-1	B-Application
train	O
ticket	O
reservation	B-Application
system	I-Application
was	O
designed	O
and	O
planned	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
by	O
the	O
Japanese	O
National	O
Railways	O
 '	O
R&D	O
Institute	O
,	O
now	O
the	O
Railway	O
Technical	O
Research	O
Institute	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
eventually	O
being	O
produced	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
in	O
1958	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
seat	O
reservation	B-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
trains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MARS-1	B-Application
was	O
capable	O
of	O
reserving	O
seat	O
positions	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
transistor	B-Device
computer	I-Device
with	O
a	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
400,000	O
-bit	O
magnetic	B-General_Concept
drum	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
unit	O
to	O
hold	O
seating	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
many	O
registers	B-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
indicate	O
whether	O
seats	O
in	O
a	O
train	O
were	O
vacant	O
or	O
reserved	O
to	O
accelerate	O
searches	O
of	O
and	O
updates	O
to	O
seat	O
patterns	O
,	O
for	O
communications	O
with	O
terminals	B-General_Concept
,	O
printing	O
reservation	O
notices	O
,	O
and	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1953	O
,	O
Trans-Canada	O
Airlines	O
(	O
TCA	O
)	O
started	O
investigating	O
a	O
computer-based	O
system	O
with	O
remote	O
terminals	B-General_Concept
,	O
testing	O
one	O
design	O
on	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
's	O
Manchester	B-Device
Mark	I-Device
1	I-Device
machine	O
that	O
summer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ferranti	O
Canada	O
became	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
project	O
and	O
suggested	O
a	O
new	O
system	O
using	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
transistorized	B-Device
computer	I-Device
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
unreliable	O
tube-based	O
Mark	O
I	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
system	O
,	O
ReserVec	B-Device
,	O
started	O
operation	O
in	O
1962	O
,	O
and	O
took	O
over	O
all	O
booking	O
operations	O
in	O
January	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terminals	B-General_Concept
were	O
placed	O
in	O
all	O
of	O
TCA	O
's	O
ticketing	O
offices	O
,	O
allowing	O
all	O
queries	O
and	O
bookings	O
to	O
complete	O
in	O
about	O
one	O
second	O
with	O
no	O
remote	O
operators	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
invited	O
Blair	O
to	O
visit	O
their	O
Reservisor	B-Device
system	O
and	O
look	O
for	O
ways	O
that	O
IBM	O
could	O
improve	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
idea	O
of	O
an	O
automated	O
airline	O
reservation	B-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
ARS	O
)	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
1959	O
venture	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Semi-Automatic	B-Application
Business	I-Application
Research	I-Application
Environment	I-Application
(	O
SABRE	B-Application
)	O
,	O
launched	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
network	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
December	O
1964	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
largest	O
civil	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
system	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
United	O
Airlines	O
and	O
Trans	O
World	O
Airlines	O
followed	O
in	O
1971	O
with	O
the	O
Apollo	O
Reservation	B-Application
System	I-Application
and	O
Programmed	B-Application
Airline	I-Application
Reservation	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
PARS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fearful	O
this	O
would	O
place	O
too	O
much	O
power	O
in	O
the	O
hands	O
of	O
agents	O
,	O
American	O
Airlines	O
executive	O
Robert	O
Crandall	O
proposed	O
creating	O
an	O
industry-wide	O
computer	B-Application
reservation	I-Application
system	I-Application
to	O
be	O
a	O
central	O
clearing	O
house	O
for	O
U.S.	O
travel	O
;	O
other	O
airlines	O
demurred	O
,	O
citing	O
fear	O
of	O
antitrust	O
prosecution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SABRE	B-Application
,	O
PARS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
DATAS	O
were	O
soon	O
released	O
to	O
travel	O
agents	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1976	O
Videcom	O
international	O
with	O
British	O
Airways	O
,	O
British	O
Caledonian	O
and	O
CCL	O
launched	O
Travicom	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
multi-access	O
reservations	O
system	O
(	O
wholly	O
based	O
on	O
Videcom	O
technology	O
)	O
,	O
forming	O
a	O
network	O
providing	O
distribution	O
for	O
initially	O
two	O
and	O
subsequently	O
49	O
subscribing	O
international	O
airlines	O
(	O
including	O
British	O
Airways	O
,	O
British	O
Caledonian	O
,	O
Trans	O
World	O
Airlines	O
,	O
Pan	O
Am	O
,	O
Qantas	O
,	O
Singapore	O
Airlines	O
,	O
Air	O
France	O
,	O
Lufthansa	O
,	O
SAS	O
,	O
Air	O
Canada	O
,	O
KLM	B-General_Concept
,	O
Alitalia	O
,	O
Cathay	O
Pacific	O
and	O
Japan	O
Airlines	O
)	O
to	O
thousands	O
of	O
travel	O
agents	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
British	O
Airways	O
(	O
who	O
by	O
then	O
owned	O
100%	O
of	O
Travel	O
Automation	O
Services	O
Ltd	O
)	O
chose	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Galileo	B-Application
system	O
Travicom	O
changed	O
its	O
trading	O
name	O
to	O
Galileo	B-Application
UK	O
and	O
a	O
migration	O
process	O
was	O
put	O
in	O
place	O
to	O
move	O
agencies	O
from	O
Travicom	O
to	O
Galileo	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
European	O
airlines	O
also	O
began	O
to	O
invest	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
initially	O
by	O
deploying	O
their	O
own	O
reservation	B-Application
systems	I-Application
in	O
their	O
homeland	O
,	O
propelled	O
by	O
growth	O
in	O
demand	O
for	O
travel	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
technological	O
advances	O
which	O
allowed	O
GDSes	O
to	O
offer	O
ever-increasing	O
services	O
and	O
searching	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	O
led	O
by	O
Air	O
France	O
and	O
West	O
Germany	O
's	O
Lufthansa	O
developed	O
Amadeus	B-Application
,	O
modeled	O
on	O
SystemOne	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amadeus	B-Application
Global	O
Travel	O
Distribution	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
Delta	O
,	O
Northwest	O
Airlines	O
,	O
and	O
Trans	O
World	O
Airlines	O
formed	O
Worldspan	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
another	O
consortium	O
(	O
including	O
British	O
Airways	O
,	O
KLM	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
United	O
Airlines	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
formed	O
the	O
competing	O
company	O
Galileo	B-Application
GDS	I-Application
based	O
on	O
Apollo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
many	O
years	O
,	O
global	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
GDSs	O
)	O
have	O
had	O
a	O
dominant	O
position	O
in	O
the	O
travel	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
mangocity	O
Travelport	O
GDS	O
Includes	O
Apollo	O
(	O
1971	O
)	O
,	O
Galileo	B-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
and	O
Worldspan	O
(	O
1990	O
)	O
Apollo	O
:	O
United	O
Airlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galileo	B-Application
:	O
British	O
Airways	O
,	O
KLM	B-General_Concept
,	O
Alitalia	O
,	O
Swissair	O
,	O
Austrian	O
Airlines	O
,	O
Olympic	O
Airways	O
,	O
Sabena	O
,	O
TAP	O
Air	O
Portugal	O
,	O
Aer	O
Lingus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sabre	B-Application
Holdings	O
was	O
purchased	O
by	O
private	O
investors	O
Silver	O
Lake	O
Partners	O
and	O
Texas	O
Pacific	O
Group	O
on	O
March	O
30	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
for	O
about	O
US$5	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full-year	O
2008	O
Sabre	B-Application
Holdings	O
revenues	O
were	O
about	O
US$3	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2006	O
,	O
Travelport	O
,	O
which	O
owns	O
Galileo	B-Application
,	O
agreed	O
to	O
buy	O
and	O
merge	O
with	O
the	O
Worldspan	O
GDS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
,	O
KLM	B-General_Concept
switched	O
from	O
its	O
own	O
reservations	O
system	O
(	O
CORDA	O
)	O
to	O
Amadeus	B-Application
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
merger	O
with	O
Air	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
JetBlue	O
converted	O
its	O
reservation	B-Application
system	I-Application
over	O
to	O
the	O
SabreSonic	O
Customer	O
Sales	O
and	O
Service	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2018	O
Turkish	O
Airways	O
migrated	O
from	O
Sabre	B-Application
to	O
Hitit	O
.	O
</s>
