<s>
A	O
computer	B-Application
poker	I-Application
player	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
play	O
the	O
game	O
of	O
poker	O
(	O
generally	O
the	O
Texas	B-Device
hold	I-Device
'	I-Device
em	I-Device
version	O
)	O
,	O
against	O
human	O
opponents	O
or	O
other	O
computer	O
opponents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
pokerbot	B-Application
or	O
just	O
simply	O
bot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
bots	O
or	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
are	O
used	O
often	O
in	O
online	O
poker	O
situations	O
as	O
either	O
legitimate	O
opponents	O
for	O
humans	O
players	O
or	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
cheating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-Time	O
Assistance	O
(	O
RTA	O
)	O
is	O
another	O
method	O
of	O
using	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondly	O
,	O
since	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
Pluribus	O
(	O
poker	B-Application
bot	I-Application
)	O
is	O
successful	O
enough	O
at	O
reading	O
bluffs	O
,	O
calculating	O
odds	O
,	O
and	O
adjusting	O
to	O
strategy	O
that	O
it	O
consistently	O
beats	O
professional	O
poker	O
players	O
at	O
6-player	O
no-limit	O
Hold’em	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
in	O
the	O
games	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
,	O
Go	O
(	O
game	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
games	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
systems	O
beat	O
even	O
the	O
best	O
humans	O
at	O
poker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
lack	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
programmers	O
used	O
to	O
have	O
to	O
implement	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Bayes	O
theorem	O
,	O
Nash	O
equilibrium	O
,	O
Monte	B-Algorithm
Carlo	I-Algorithm
simulation	I-Algorithm
or	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
imperfect	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
AIs	B-Application
like	O
PokerSnowie	O
and	O
Claudico	O
were	O
created	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
best	O
possible	O
strategy	O
by	O
letting	O
it	O
play	O
itself	O
an	O
enormous	O
number	O
of	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
years	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
the	O
approach	O
to	O
poker	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
attempting	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
computer	O
that	O
plays	O
like	O
a	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
broke	O
through	O
to	O
superhuman	O
performance	O
in	O
poker	O
during	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
timeline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	O
Lab	O
was	O
an	O
established	O
science	O
team	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
research	O
of	O
poker	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
applied	O
different	O
AI	B-Application
techniques	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
games	O
including	O
participation	O
in	O
the	O
commercial	O
projects	O
Small	O
Worlds	O
and	O
Civilization	O
(	O
video	O
game	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
the	O
research	O
into	O
computer	B-Application
poker	I-Application
players	I-Application
was	O
being	O
performed	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Alberta	O
by	O
the	O
Computer	B-Application
Poker	I-Application
Research	O
Group	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Michael	O
Bowling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
developed	O
the	O
agents	O
Poki	B-Application
,	O
PsOpti	O
,	O
Hyperborean	O
and	O
Polaris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Poki	B-Application
has	O
been	O
licensed	O
for	O
the	O
entertainment	O
game	O
STACKED	O
featuring	O
Canadian	O
poker	O
player	O
Daniel	O
Negreanu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
series	O
of	O
Hyperborean	O
programs	O
have	O
competed	O
in	O
the	O
Annual	O
Computer	B-Application
Poker	I-Application
Competition	O
,	O
most	O
recently	O
taking	O
three	O
gold	O
medals	O
out	O
of	O
six	O
events	O
in	O
the	O
2012	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
line	O
of	O
research	O
also	O
produced	O
Polaris	O
,	O
which	O
played	O
against	O
human	O
professionals	O
in	O
2007	O
and	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
computer	B-Application
poker	I-Application
program	O
to	O
win	O
a	O
meaningful	O
poker	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
an	O
article	O
in	O
Science	O
by	O
Michael	O
Bowling	O
,	O
Neil	O
Burch	O
,	O
Michael	O
Johanson	O
,	O
and	O
Oskari	O
Tammelin	O
claimed	O
that	O
their	O
poker	B-Application
bot	I-Application
Cepheus	O
had	O
"	O
essentially	O
weakly	O
solved	O
"	O
the	O
game	O
of	O
heads-up	O
limit	O
Texas	B-Device
hold	I-Device
'	I-Device
em	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
T	O
.	O
Sandholm	O
and	O
A	O
.	O
Gilpin	O
from	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
started	O
poker	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
in	O
2004	O
beginning	O
with	O
unbeatable	O
agent	O
for	O
3-card	O
game	O
called	O
Rhode-Island	O
Hold	O
'	O
em	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
step	O
was	O
GS1	O
which	O
outperformed	O
the	O
best	O
commercially	O
available	O
poker	B-Application
bots	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Libratus	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
called	O
Pluribus	O
(	O
poker	B-Application
bot	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
no-limit	O
poker	B-Application
bot	I-Application
competitions	O
was	O
organized	O
in	O
2004	O
by	O
International	O
Conference	O
on	O
Cognitive	O
Modelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
April	O
–	O
May	O
2015	O
,	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
Sandholm	O
's	O
bot	O
,	O
Claudico	O
,	O
faced	O
off	O
against	O
four	O
human	O
opponents	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
no-limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
matches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statistically	O
insignificant	O
here	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
programmers	O
of	O
Claudico	O
can	O
not	O
say	O
with	O
95%	O
confidence	O
(	O
a	O
95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
)	O
that	O
humans	O
are	O
better	O
than	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2006	O
to	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Annual	O
Computer	B-Application
Poker	I-Application
Competition	O
ran	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
competitions	O
for	O
poker	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
three	O
types	O
of	O
poker	O
were	O
played	O
:	O
Heads-Up	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
,	O
Heads-Up	O
No-Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
,	O
and	O
3-player	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
researchers	O
developed	O
web	O
application	O
where	O
people	O
could	O
play	O
and	O
assess	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2010	O
Heads-up	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperborean-IRO	O
(	O
University	O
of	O
Alberta	O
,	O
Canada	O
)	O
Heads	O
Up	O
No	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tartanian4-IRO	O
(	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
,	O
USA	O
)	O
3-max	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LittleRock	O
(	O
Rod	O
Byrnes	O
,	O
Australia	O
)	O
2011	O
Heads-up	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calamari	O
(	O
Marv	O
Andersen	O
,	O
UK	O
)	O
Heads	O
Up	O
No	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hugh	O
(	O
USA	O
&	O
Canada	O
)	O
3-max	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LittleRock	O
(	O
Rod	O
Byrnes	O
,	O
Australia	O
)	O
2012	O
Heads-up	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zbot	O
(	O
Ilkka	O
Rajala	O
,	O
Finland	O
)	O
Heads	O
Up	O
No	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	B-Application
Bot	I-Application
(	O
Alexander	O
Lee	O
,	O
Spain	O
)	O
3-max	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	B-Application
Bot	I-Application
(	O
Alexander	O
Lee	O
,	O
Spain	O
)	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	B-Application
Bot	I-Application
(	O
Alexander	O
Lee	O
,	O
Spain	O
)	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sartre	O
(	O
University	O
of	O
Auckland	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
)	O
2013	O
Heads-up	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	B-Application
Bot	I-Application
(	O
Alexander	O
Lee	O
,	O
Spain	O
)	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marv	O
(	O
Marv	O
Anderson	O
,	O
UK	O
)	O
Heads	O
Up	O
No	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nyx	O
(	O
Charles	O
University	O
,	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
)	O
3-max	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	B-Application
Bot	I-Application
(	O
Alexander	O
Lee	O
,	O
Spain	O
)	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo	O
Poker	B-Application
Bot	I-Application
(	O
Alexander	O
Lee	O
,	O
Spain	O
)	O
2014	O
Heads-up	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Feste	O
(	O
Francois	O
Pays	O
,	O
France	O
)	O
Heads	O
Up	O
No	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slumbot	O
(	O
Eric	O
Jackson	O
,	O
USA	O
)	O
3-max	O
Limit	O
Texas	B-Device
Hold'em	I-Device
Total	O
Bankroll	O
Bankroll	O
Instant	O
Run-off	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Pluribus	O
(	O
poker	B-Application
bot	I-Application
)	O
program	O
consistently	O
beat	O
professionals	O
at	O
6-hand	O
no-limit	O
Hold’em	O
,	O
the	O
result	O
was	O
quietly	O
announced	O
on	O
a	O
Facebook	O
post	O
.	O
</s>
