<s>
A	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
(	O
plural	O
mice	O
,	O
also	O
mouses	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
hand-held	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
that	O
detects	O
two-dimensional	O
motion	O
relative	O
to	O
a	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
motion	O
is	O
typically	O
translated	O
into	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
a	O
pointer	B-Device
on	O
a	O
display	B-Device
,	O
which	O
allows	O
a	O
smooth	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
of	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
demonstration	O
of	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
controlling	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
was	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
moving	O
a	O
cursor	B-Application
,	O
computer	B-Device
mice	I-Device
have	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
buttons	O
to	O
allow	O
operations	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
selection	B-General_Concept
of	O
a	O
menu	O
item	O
on	O
a	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
known	O
written	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
mouse	B-Device
in	O
reference	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
is	O
in	O
Bill	O
English	O
's	O
July	O
1965	O
publication	O
,	O
"	O
Computer-Aided	O
Display	B-Device
Control	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
likely	O
originated	O
from	O
its	O
resemblance	O
to	O
the	O
shape	O
and	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
with	O
the	O
cord	O
resembling	O
its	O
tail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Roger	O
Bates	O
,	O
a	O
hardware	O
designer	O
under	O
English	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
also	O
came	O
about	O
because	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
on	O
the	O
screen	O
was	O
for	O
some	O
unknown	O
reason	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
CAT	O
"	O
and	O
was	O
seen	O
by	O
the	O
team	O
as	O
if	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
chasing	O
the	O
new	O
desktop	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plural	O
for	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
is	O
either	O
"	O
mice	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
mouses	O
"	O
according	O
to	O
most	O
dictionaries	O
,	O
with	O
"	O
mice	O
"	O
being	O
more	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trackball	B-Device
,	O
a	O
related	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
,	O
was	O
invented	O
in	O
1946	O
by	O
Ralph	O
Benjamin	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
post-World	O
War	O
II-era	O
fire-control	B-Application
radar	B-Application
plotting	O
system	O
called	O
the	O
Comprehensive	O
Display	B-Device
System	O
(	O
CDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benjamin	O
's	O
project	O
used	O
analog	O
computers	O
to	O
calculate	O
the	O
future	O
position	O
of	O
target	O
aircraft	O
based	O
on	O
several	O
initial	O
input	O
points	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
user	O
with	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benjamin	O
felt	O
that	O
a	O
more	O
elegant	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
was	O
needed	O
and	O
invented	O
what	O
they	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
roller	B-Device
ball	I-Device
"	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
early	O
trackball	B-Device
was	O
built	O
by	O
Kenyon	O
Taylor	O
,	O
a	O
British	O
electrical	O
engineer	O
working	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Tom	O
Cranston	O
and	O
Fred	O
Longstaff	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taylor	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Ferranti	O
Canada	O
,	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
Royal	O
Canadian	O
Navy	O
's	O
DATAR	B-Device
(	O
Digital	O
Automated	O
Tracking	O
and	O
Resolving	O
)	O
system	O
in	O
1952	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DATAR	B-Device
was	O
similar	O
in	O
concept	O
to	O
Benjamin	O
's	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trackball	B-Device
used	O
four	O
disks	O
to	O
pick	O
up	O
motion	O
,	O
two	O
each	O
for	O
the	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
directions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	O
computer	O
calculated	O
the	O
tracks	O
and	O
sent	O
the	O
resulting	O
data	O
to	O
other	O
ships	O
in	O
a	O
task	O
force	O
using	O
pulse-code	B-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
radio	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
trackball	B-Device
used	O
a	O
standard	O
Canadian	O
five-pin	O
bowling	O
ball	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Douglas	O
Engelbart	O
of	O
the	O
Stanford	O
Research	O
Institute	O
(	O
now	O
SRI	O
International	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
credited	O
in	O
published	O
books	O
by	O
Thierry	O
Bardini	O
,	O
Paul	O
Ceruzzi	O
,	O
Howard	O
Rheingold	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
others	O
as	O
the	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
14	O
November	O
1963	O
,	O
he	O
first	O
recorded	O
his	O
thoughts	O
in	O
his	O
personal	O
notebook	O
about	O
something	O
he	O
initially	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
bug	B-Application
"	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
3-point	O
"	O
form	O
could	O
have	O
a	O
"	O
drop	O
point	O
and	O
2	O
orthogonal	O
wheels	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
wrote	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
bug	B-Application
"	O
would	O
be	O
"	O
easier	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
more	O
natural	O
"	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
unlike	O
a	O
stylus	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
stay	O
still	O
when	O
let	O
go	O
,	O
which	O
meant	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
"	O
much	O
better	O
for	O
coordination	O
with	O
the	O
keyboard	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1964	O
,	O
Bill	O
English	O
joined	O
ARC	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
helped	O
Engelbart	O
build	O
the	O
first	O
mouse	B-Device
prototype	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
christened	O
the	O
device	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
as	O
early	O
models	O
had	O
a	O
cord	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
rear	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
which	O
looked	O
like	O
a	O
tail	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
turn	O
resembled	O
the	O
common	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Roger	O
Bates	O
,	O
a	O
hardware	O
designer	O
under	O
English	O
,	O
another	O
reason	O
for	O
choosing	O
this	O
name	O
was	O
because	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
on	O
the	O
screen	O
was	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
CAT	O
"	O
at	O
this	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
noted	O
above	O
,	O
this	O
"	O
mouse	B-Device
"	O
was	O
first	O
mentioned	O
in	O
print	O
in	O
a	O
July	O
1965	O
report	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
English	O
was	O
the	O
lead	O
author	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
9	O
December	O
1968	O
,	O
Engelbart	O
publicly	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
at	O
what	O
would	O
come	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
The	O
Mother	O
of	O
All	O
Demos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engelbart	O
never	O
received	O
any	O
royalties	O
for	O
it	O
,	O
as	O
his	O
employer	O
SRI	O
held	O
the	O
patent	O
,	O
which	O
expired	O
before	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
became	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
any	O
event	O
,	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
just	O
a	O
small	O
part	O
of	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
much	O
larger	O
project	O
of	O
augmenting	O
human	O
intellect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
other	O
experimental	O
pointing-devices	O
developed	O
for	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
oN-Line	O
System	O
(	O
NLS	O
)	O
exploited	O
different	O
body	O
movements	O
–	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
head-mounted	O
devices	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
chin	O
or	O
nose	O
–	O
but	O
ultimately	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
won	O
out	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
speed	O
and	O
convenience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
a	O
bulky	O
device	O
(	O
pictured	O
)	O
used	O
two	O
potentiometers	B-Device
perpendicular	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
and	O
connected	O
to	O
wheels	O
:	O
the	O
rotation	O
of	O
each	O
wheel	O
translated	O
into	O
motion	O
along	O
one	O
axis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Mother	O
of	O
All	O
Demos	O
"	O
,	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
group	O
had	O
been	O
using	O
their	O
second	O
generation	O
,	O
3-button	O
mouse	B-Device
for	O
about	O
a	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
2	O
October	O
1968	O
,	O
three	O
years	O
after	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
prototype	O
but	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
months	O
before	O
his	O
public	O
demo	O
,	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
device	O
named	O
(	O
German	O
for	O
"	O
rolling	O
ball	O
control	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
shown	O
in	O
a	O
sales	O
brochure	O
by	O
the	O
German	O
company	O
AEG-Telefunken	O
as	O
an	O
optional	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
for	O
the	O
SIG100	O
vector	O
graphics	O
terminal	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
around	O
their	O
process	O
computer	O
TR	O
86	O
and	O
the	O
main	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
an	O
even	O
earlier	O
trackball	B-Device
device	O
,	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
device	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
since	O
1966	O
in	O
what	O
had	O
been	O
a	O
parallel	O
and	O
independent	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
name	O
suggests	O
and	O
unlike	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Telefunken	O
model	O
already	O
had	O
a	O
ball	O
(	O
diameter	O
40mm	O
,	O
weight	O
40g	O
)	O
and	O
two	O
mechanical	O
4-bit	O
rotational	O
position	O
transducers	O
with	O
Gray	O
code-like	O
states	O
,	O
allowing	O
easy	O
movement	O
in	O
any	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
noted	O
above	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
earlier	O
trackball-like	O
device	O
(	O
also	O
named	O
)	O
that	O
was	O
embedded	O
into	O
radar	B-Application
flight	O
control	O
desks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
trackball	B-Device
had	O
been	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
at	O
Telefunken	O
for	O
the	O
German	O
(	O
Federal	O
Air	O
Traffic	O
Control	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
a	O
discussion	O
with	O
a	O
university	O
customer	O
,	O
Mallebrein	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
"	O
reversing	O
"	O
the	O
existing	O
trackball	B-Device
into	O
a	O
moveable	O
mouse-like	O
device	O
in	O
1966	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
customers	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
bothered	O
with	O
mounting	O
holes	O
for	O
the	O
earlier	O
trackball	B-Device
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
was	O
finished	O
in	O
early	O
1968	O
,	O
and	O
together	O
with	O
light	B-Device
pens	I-Device
and	O
trackballs	B-Device
,	O
it	O
was	O
commercially	O
offered	O
as	O
an	O
optional	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
for	O
their	O
system	O
starting	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
mice	O
installed	O
at	O
the	O
Leibniz	B-General_Concept
Supercomputing	I-General_Concept
Centre	I-General_Concept
in	O
Munich	O
in	O
1972	O
are	O
well	O
preserved	O
in	O
a	O
museum	O
,	O
two	O
others	O
survived	O
in	O
a	O
museum	O
at	O
Stuttgart	O
university	O
,	O
two	O
in	O
Hamburg	O
,	O
the	O
one	O
from	O
Aachen	O
at	O
the	O
Computer	O
History	O
Museum	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
and	O
yet	O
another	O
sample	O
was	O
recently	O
donated	O
to	O
the	O
Heinz	O
Nixdorf	O
MuseumsForum	O
(	O
HNF	O
)	O
in	O
Paderborn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
air	O
traffic	O
control	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
Mallebrein	O
team	O
had	O
already	O
developed	O
a	O
precursor	O
to	O
touch	B-Device
screens	I-Device
in	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
ultrasonic-curtain-based	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
computers	O
designed	O
for	O
individual	O
use	O
in	O
1973	O
and	O
is	O
regarded	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
modern	O
computer	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
PARC	O
's	O
Alto	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Lilith	B-Device
,	O
a	O
computer	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
around	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
at	O
ETH	O
Zürich	O
between	O
1978	O
and	O
1980	O
,	O
provided	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
marketed	O
version	O
of	O
an	O
integrated	O
mouse	B-Device
shipped	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
and	O
intended	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
navigation	O
came	O
with	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
8010	I-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
in	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1982	O
,	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
8010	I-Operating_System
was	O
probably	O
the	O
best-known	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sun-1	B-Device
also	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
forthcoming	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
was	O
rumored	O
to	O
use	O
one	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
peripheral	O
remained	O
obscure	O
;	O
Jack	O
Hawley	O
of	O
The	O
Mouse	B-Device
House	O
reported	O
that	O
one	O
buyer	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
organization	O
believed	O
at	O
first	O
that	O
his	O
company	O
sold	O
lab	O
mice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hawley	O
,	O
who	O
manufactured	O
mice	O
for	O
Xerox	O
,	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
Practically	O
,	O
I	O
have	O
the	O
market	O
all	O
to	O
myself	O
right	O
now	O
"	O
;	O
a	O
Hawley	O
mouse	B-Device
cost	O
$415	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
Logitech	O
introduced	O
the	O
P4	O
Mouse	B-Device
at	O
the	O
Comdex	O
trade	O
show	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
,	O
its	O
first	O
hardware	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
Microsoft	O
made	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
program	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
mouse-compatible	O
,	O
and	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
PC-compatible	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
mouse	B-Device
shipped	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
thus	O
beginning	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Hardware	I-Device
division	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
remained	O
relatively	O
obscure	O
until	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
(	O
which	O
included	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
single-button	O
Lisa	B-Device
Mouse	B-Device
)	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mouse	B-Device
typically	O
controls	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
a	O
pointer	B-Device
in	O
two	O
dimensions	O
in	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mouse	B-Device
turns	O
movements	O
of	O
the	O
hand	O
backward	O
and	O
forward	O
,	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
into	O
equivalent	O
electronic	O
signals	O
that	O
in	O
turn	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
move	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relative	O
movements	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
on	O
the	O
surface	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
on	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
which	O
signals	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
actions	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
take	O
place	O
,	O
so	O
hand	O
movements	O
are	O
replicated	O
by	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clicking	O
or	O
pointing	O
(	O
stopping	O
movement	O
while	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
is	O
within	O
the	O
bounds	O
of	O
an	O
area	O
)	O
can	O
select	O
files	O
,	O
programs	O
or	O
actions	O
from	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
names	O
,	O
or	O
(	O
in	O
graphical	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
)	O
through	O
small	O
images	O
called	O
"	O
icons	O
"	O
and	O
other	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
text	O
file	O
might	O
be	O
represented	O
by	O
a	O
picture	O
of	O
a	O
paper	O
notebook	O
and	O
clicking	O
while	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
points	O
at	O
this	O
icon	O
might	O
cause	O
a	O
text	O
editing	O
program	O
to	O
open	O
the	O
file	O
in	O
a	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
ways	O
of	O
operating	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
cause	O
specific	O
things	O
to	O
happen	O
in	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Point	O
:	O
stop	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
while	O
it	O
is	O
inside	O
the	O
boundaries	O
of	O
what	O
the	O
user	O
wants	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
act	O
of	O
pointing	O
is	O
what	O
the	O
"	O
pointer	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
"	O
are	O
named	O
after	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drag	O
:	O
pressing	O
and	O
holding	O
a	O
button	O
,	O
and	O
moving	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
before	O
releasing	O
the	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
button	O
chording	O
or	O
chord	O
clicking	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Clicking	O
and	O
rolling	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
wheel	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clicking	O
while	O
holding	O
down	O
a	O
modifier	B-Device
key	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moving	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
a	O
long	O
distance	O
:	O
When	O
a	O
practical	O
limit	O
of	O
mouse	B-Device
movement	O
is	O
reached	O
,	O
one	O
lifts	O
up	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
brings	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
opposite	O
edge	O
of	O
the	O
working	O
area	O
while	O
it	O
is	O
held	O
above	O
the	O
surface	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
lowers	O
it	O
back	O
onto	O
the	O
working	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
often	O
not	O
necessary	O
,	O
because	O
acceleration	O
software	O
detects	O
fast	O
movement	O
,	O
and	O
moves	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
significantly	O
faster	O
in	O
proportion	O
than	O
for	O
slow	O
mouse	B-Device
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-touch	O
:	O
this	O
method	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
multi-touch	O
touchpad	B-Application
on	O
a	O
laptop	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
tap	O
input	O
for	O
multiple	O
fingers	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
famous	O
example	O
being	O
the	O
Apple	O
Magic	O
Mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
also	O
employ	O
mice	O
gesturally	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
a	O
stylized	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
cursor	B-Application
itself	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
gesture	O
"	O
,	O
can	O
issue	O
a	O
command	O
or	O
map	O
to	O
a	O
specific	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
drawing	O
program	O
,	O
moving	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
in	O
a	O
rapid	O
"	O
x	O
"	O
motion	O
over	O
a	O
shape	O
might	O
delete	O
the	O
shape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gestural	B-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
occur	O
more	O
rarely	O
than	O
plain	O
pointing-and-clicking	O
,	O
and	O
people	O
often	O
find	O
them	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
use	O
because	O
they	O
require	O
finer	O
motor	O
control	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
might	O
drag-and-drop	O
a	O
picture	O
representing	O
a	O
file	O
onto	O
a	O
picture	O
of	O
a	O
trash	B-Application
can	I-Application
,	O
thus	O
instructing	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
delete	O
the	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
uses	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
input	O
occur	O
commonly	O
in	O
special	O
application	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
interactive	O
three-dimensional	O
graphics	O
,	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
motion	O
often	O
translates	O
directly	O
into	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	O
objects	O
 '	O
or	O
camera	O
's	O
orientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
first-person	O
shooter	O
genre	O
of	O
games	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
,	O
players	O
usually	O
employ	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
to	O
control	O
the	O
direction	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
virtual	O
player	O
's	O
"	O
head	O
"	O
faces	O
:	O
moving	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
up	O
will	O
cause	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
look	O
up	O
,	O
revealing	O
the	O
view	O
above	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
the	O
primary	O
(	O
leftmost	O
in	O
a	O
right-handed	O
configuration	O
)	O
button	O
on	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
will	O
select	O
items	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
secondary	O
(	O
rightmost	O
in	O
a	O
right-handed	O
)	O
button	O
will	O
bring	O
up	O
a	O
menu	O
of	O
alternative	O
actions	O
applicable	O
to	O
that	O
item	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
platforms	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
button	O
,	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
web	O
browser	O
will	O
follow	O
a	O
link	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
primary	O
button	O
click	O
,	O
will	O
bring	O
up	O
a	O
contextual	O
menu	O
of	O
alternative	O
actions	O
for	O
that	O
link	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
secondary-button	O
click	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
often	O
open	O
the	O
link	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
tab	O
or	O
window	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
click	O
with	O
the	O
tertiary	O
(	O
middle	O
)	O
mouse	B-Device
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
German	O
company	O
Telefunken	O
published	O
on	O
their	O
early	O
ball	O
mouse	B-Device
on	O
2	O
October	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telefunken	O
's	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
sold	O
as	O
optional	O
equipment	O
for	O
their	O
computer	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bill	O
English	O
,	O
builder	O
of	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
original	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
created	O
a	O
ball	O
mouse	B-Device
in	O
1972	O
while	O
working	O
for	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ball	O
mouse	B-Device
replaced	O
the	O
external	O
wheels	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
ball	O
that	O
could	O
rotate	O
in	O
any	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
came	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
package	O
of	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perpendicular	O
chopper	O
wheels	O
housed	O
inside	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
body	O
chopped	O
beams	O
of	O
light	O
on	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
light	O
sensors	O
,	O
thus	O
detecting	O
in	O
their	O
turn	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
ball	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
resembled	O
an	O
inverted	O
trackball	B-Device
and	O
became	O
the	O
predominant	O
form	O
used	O
with	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
throughout	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
group	O
also	O
settled	O
on	O
the	O
modern	O
technique	O
of	O
using	O
both	O
hands	O
to	O
type	O
on	O
a	O
full-size	O
keyboard	O
and	O
grabbing	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
when	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ball	O
mouse	B-Device
has	O
two	O
freely	O
rotating	O
rollers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
roller	O
detects	O
the	O
forward-backward	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
and	O
the	O
other	O
the	O
left-right	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
roller	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
shaft	O
as	O
an	O
encoder	B-Algorithm
wheel	O
that	O
has	O
slotted	O
edges	O
;	O
the	O
slots	O
interrupt	O
infrared	O
light	O
beams	O
to	O
generate	O
electrical	O
pulses	O
that	O
represent	O
wheel	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
incremental	B-Algorithm
rotary	I-Algorithm
encoder	I-Algorithm
scheme	O
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
quadrature	O
encoding	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
wheel	O
rotation	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
two	O
optical	O
sensors	O
produce	O
signals	O
that	O
are	O
in	O
approximately	O
quadrature	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mouse	B-Device
sends	O
these	O
signals	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
system	O
via	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
cable	O
,	O
directly	O
as	O
logic	O
signals	O
in	O
very	O
old	O
mice	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Xerox	O
mice	O
,	O
and	O
via	O
a	O
data-formatting	O
IC	O
in	O
modern	O
mice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
driver	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
the	O
system	O
converts	O
the	O
signals	O
into	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
cursor	B-Application
along	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
axes	O
on	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
screen	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
weight	O
of	O
the	O
ball	O
,	O
given	O
an	O
appropriate	O
working	O
surface	O
under	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
provides	O
a	O
reliable	O
grip	O
so	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
movement	O
is	O
transmitted	O
accurately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ball	O
mice	O
and	O
wheel	O
mice	O
were	O
manufactured	O
for	O
Xerox	O
by	O
Jack	O
Hawley	O
,	O
doing	O
business	O
as	O
The	O
Mouse	B-Device
House	O
in	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
another	O
invention	O
by	O
Jack	O
Hawley	O
,	O
proprietor	O
of	O
the	O
Mouse	B-Device
House	O
,	O
Honeywell	O
produced	O
another	O
type	O
of	O
mechanical	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
computer	B-Device
mice	I-Device
took	O
form	O
at	O
the	O
École	O
Polytechnique	O
Fédérale	O
de	O
Lausanne	O
(	O
EPFL	O
)	O
under	O
the	O
inspiration	O
of	O
Professor	O
Jean-Daniel	O
Nicoud	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
hands	O
of	O
engineer	O
and	O
watchmaker	O
André	O
Guignard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
design	O
incorporated	O
a	O
single	O
hard	O
rubber	O
mouseball	B-Device
and	O
three	O
buttons	O
,	O
and	O
remained	O
a	O
common	O
design	O
until	O
the	O
mainstream	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
scroll-wheel	O
mouse	B-Device
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
René	O
Sommer	O
added	O
a	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
to	O
Nicoud	O
's	O
and	O
Guignard	O
's	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
innovation	O
,	O
Sommer	O
is	O
credited	O
with	O
inventing	O
a	O
significant	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
which	O
made	O
it	O
more	O
"	O
intelligent	O
"	O
;	O
though	O
optical	O
mice	O
from	O
Mouse	B-Device
Systems	O
had	O
incorporated	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
by	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
type	O
of	O
mechanical	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
the	O
"	O
analog	O
mouse	B-Device
"	O
(	O
now	O
generally	O
regarded	O
as	O
obsolete	O
)	O
,	O
uses	O
potentiometers	B-Device
rather	O
than	O
encoder	B-Algorithm
wheels	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
typically	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
plug	B-Device
compatible	I-Device
with	O
an	O
analog	B-Device
joystick	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Color	O
Mouse	B-Device
"	O
,	O
originally	O
marketed	O
by	O
RadioShack	O
for	O
their	O
Color	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
(	O
but	O
also	O
usable	B-General_Concept
on	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
machines	O
equipped	O
with	O
analog	B-Device
joystick	I-Device
ports	O
,	O
provided	O
the	O
software	O
accepted	O
joystick	B-Device
input	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
best-known	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
optical	O
mice	O
relied	O
entirely	O
on	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
light-emitting	O
diodes	O
(	O
LEDs	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
imaging	O
array	O
of	O
photodiodes	O
to	O
detect	O
movement	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
underlying	O
surface	O
,	O
eschewing	O
the	O
internal	O
moving	O
parts	O
a	O
mechanical	O
mouse	B-Device
uses	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
optics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
laser	O
mouse	B-Device
is	O
an	O
optical	O
mouse	B-Device
that	O
uses	O
coherent	O
(	O
laser	O
)	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
optical	O
mice	O
detected	O
movement	O
on	O
pre-printed	O
mousepad	O
surfaces	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
modern	O
LED	O
optical	O
mouse	B-Device
works	O
on	O
most	O
opaque	O
diffuse	O
surfaces	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
usually	O
unable	O
to	O
detect	O
movement	O
on	O
specular	O
surfaces	O
like	O
polished	O
stone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
more	O
surface-independent	O
optical	O
mice	O
use	O
an	O
optoelectronic	O
sensor	O
(	O
essentially	O
,	O
a	O
tiny	O
low-resolution	O
video	O
camera	O
)	O
to	O
take	O
successive	O
images	O
of	O
the	O
surface	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
operates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery	O
powered	O
,	O
wireless	B-Device
optical	I-Device
mice	I-Device
flash	O
the	O
LED	O
intermittently	O
to	O
save	O
power	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
glow	O
steadily	O
when	O
movement	O
is	O
detected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
requires	O
only	O
small	O
wrist	O
rotations	O
to	O
move	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
,	O
reducing	O
user	O
fatigue	O
or	O
"	O
gorilla	O
arm	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
cordless	O
,	O
they	O
often	O
have	O
a	O
switch	O
to	O
deactivate	O
the	O
movement	O
circuitry	O
between	O
use	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
freedom	O
of	O
movement	O
without	O
affecting	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
patent	O
for	O
an	O
inertial	O
mouse	B-Device
claims	O
that	O
such	O
mice	O
consume	O
less	O
power	O
than	O
optically	O
based	O
mice	O
,	O
and	O
offer	O
increased	O
sensitivity	O
,	O
reduced	O
weight	O
and	O
increased	O
ease-of-use	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
combination	O
with	O
a	O
wireless	O
keyboard	O
an	O
inertial	O
mouse	B-Device
can	O
offer	O
alternative	O
ergonomic	O
arrangements	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
flat	O
work	O
surface	O
,	O
potentially	O
alleviating	O
some	O
types	O
of	O
repetitive	O
motion	O
injuries	O
related	O
to	O
workstation	O
posture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
bats	O
,	O
flying	O
mice	O
,	O
or	O
wands	O
,	O
these	O
devices	O
generally	O
function	O
through	O
ultrasound	B-Application
and	O
provide	O
at	O
least	O
three	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
wireless	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
worn	O
on	O
a	O
ring	O
around	O
a	O
finger	O
,	O
which	O
enabled	O
the	O
thumb	O
to	O
access	O
three	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
tracked	O
in	O
three	O
dimensions	O
by	O
a	O
base	O
station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
2000s	O
consumer	O
3D	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
is	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
Remote	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
primarily	O
a	O
motion-sensing	O
device	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
determine	O
its	O
orientation	O
and	O
direction	O
of	O
movement	O
)	O
,	O
Wii	B-Device
Remote	I-Device
can	O
also	O
detect	O
its	O
spatial	O
position	O
by	O
comparing	O
the	O
distance	O
and	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
lights	O
from	O
the	O
IR	O
emitter	O
using	O
its	O
integrated	O
IR	O
camera	O
(	O
since	O
the	O
nunchuk	O
accessory	O
lacks	O
a	O
camera	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
only	O
tell	O
its	O
current	O
heading	O
and	O
orientation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
accurate	O
consumer	O
devices	O
have	O
since	O
been	O
released	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
Move	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Razer	B-Device
Hydra	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
controllers	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
HTC	O
Vive	O
virtual	O
reality	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mouse-related	O
controller	O
called	O
the	O
SpaceBall	O
has	O
a	O
ball	O
placed	O
above	O
the	O
work	O
surface	O
that	O
can	O
easily	O
be	O
gripped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2010	O
a	O
German	O
Company	O
called	O
Axsotic	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
concept	O
of	O
3D	O
mouse	B-Device
called	O
3D	O
Spheric	O
Mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
true	O
six	O
degree-of-freedom	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
uses	O
a	O
ball	O
to	O
rotate	O
in	O
3	O
axes	O
and	O
an	O
elastic	O
polymer	O
anchored	O
tetrahedron	O
inspired	O
suspension	O
for	O
translating	O
the	O
ball	O
without	O
any	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
contactless	O
sensor	O
design	O
uses	O
a	O
magnetic	O
sensor	O
array	O
for	O
sensing	O
three	O
aches	O
translation	O
and	O
two	O
optical	O
mouse	B-Device
sensors	O
for	O
three	O
aches	O
rotation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
Logitech	O
introduced	O
a	O
"	O
tactile	O
mouse	B-Device
"	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
iFeel	O
Mouse	B-Device
"	O
developed	O
by	O
Immersion	O
Corporation	O
that	O
contained	O
a	O
small	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
to	O
enable	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
to	O
generate	O
simulated	O
physical	O
sensations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
can	O
augment	O
user-interfaces	O
with	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
giving	O
feedback	O
when	O
crossing	O
a	O
window	O
boundary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
surf	O
the	O
internet	O
by	O
touch-enabled	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
1996	O
and	O
first	O
implemented	O
commercially	O
by	O
the	O
Wingman	O
Force	B-Device
Feedback	I-Device
Mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tablet	B-Device
digitizers	I-Device
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
with	O
accessories	O
called	O
pucks	O
,	O
devices	O
which	O
rely	O
on	O
absolute	O
positioning	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
for	O
sufficiently	O
mouse-like	O
relative	O
tracking	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
sometimes	O
marketed	O
as	O
mice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
name	O
suggests	O
,	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
mouse	B-Device
is	O
intended	O
to	O
provide	O
optimum	O
comfort	O
and	O
avoid	O
injuries	O
such	O
as	O
carpal	O
tunnel	O
syndrome	O
,	O
arthritis	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
repetitive	O
strain	O
injuries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
holding	O
a	O
typical	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
the	O
ulna	O
and	O
radius	O
bones	O
on	O
the	O
arm	O
are	O
crossed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mouse	B-Device
may	O
be	O
angled	O
from	O
the	O
thumb	O
downward	O
to	O
the	O
opposite	O
side	O
–	O
this	O
is	O
known	O
to	O
reduce	O
wrist	O
pronation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
such	O
optimizations	O
make	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
right	O
or	O
left	O
hand	O
specific	O
,	O
making	O
more	O
problematic	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
tired	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
so-called	O
roller	B-Device
bar	I-Device
mouse	I-Device
is	O
positioned	O
snugly	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
keyboard	O
,	O
thus	O
allowing	O
bi-manual	O
accessibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
additional	O
buttons	O
can	O
often	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
changing	O
the	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
or	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
assigned	O
(	O
programmed	O
)	O
to	O
macros	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
for	O
opening	O
a	O
program	O
or	O
for	O
use	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
key	O
combination	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
common	O
for	O
game	O
mice	O
,	O
especially	O
those	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
real-time	O
strategy	B-Application
games	I-Application
such	O
as	O
StarCraft	B-Application
,	O
or	O
in	O
multiplayer	O
online	O
battle	O
arena	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
League	B-Application
of	I-Application
Legends	I-Application
to	O
have	O
a	O
relatively	O
high	O
sensitivity	O
,	O
measured	O
in	O
dots	O
per	O
inch	O
(	O
DPI	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
25,600	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DPI	O
and	O
CPI	O
are	O
the	O
same	O
values	O
that	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
’s	O
sensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
advanced	O
mice	O
from	O
gaming	O
manufacturers	O
also	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
adjust	O
the	O
weight	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
by	O
adding	O
or	O
subtracting	O
weights	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
easier	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ergonomic	O
quality	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
important	O
factor	O
in	O
gaming	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
as	O
extended	O
gameplay	O
times	O
may	O
render	O
further	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
to	O
be	O
uncomfortable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Palm	O
Grip	O
:	O
the	O
hand	O
rests	O
on	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
with	O
extended	O
fingers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Claw	O
Grip	O
:	O
palm	O
rests	O
on	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
bent	O
fingers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finger-Tip	O
Grip	O
:	O
bent	O
fingers	O
,	O
palm	O
does	O
not	O
touch	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
transmit	O
their	O
input	O
,	O
typical	O
cabled	O
mice	O
use	O
a	O
thin	O
electrical	O
cord	O
terminating	O
in	O
a	O
standard	O
connector	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
RS-232C	O
,	O
PS/2	B-Device
,	O
ADB	B-Device
,	O
or	O
USB	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cordless	B-Device
mice	I-Device
instead	O
transmit	O
data	O
via	O
infrared	O
radiation	O
(	O
see	O
IrDA	O
)	O
or	O
radio	O
(	O
including	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
although	O
many	O
such	O
cordless	O
interfaces	O
are	O
themselves	O
connected	O
through	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
wired	O
serial	O
buses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
electrical	O
interface	O
and	O
the	O
format	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
transmitted	O
by	O
commonly	O
available	O
mice	O
is	O
currently	O
standardized	O
on	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
it	O
varied	O
between	O
different	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bus	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
used	O
a	O
dedicated	O
interface	O
card	O
for	O
connection	O
to	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
or	O
compatible	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
use	O
in	O
DOS	O
applications	O
became	O
more	O
common	O
after	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Mouse	I-Device
,	O
largely	O
because	O
Microsoft	O
provided	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
for	O
communication	O
between	O
applications	O
and	O
mouse	B-Device
driver	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
any	O
application	O
written	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
standard	O
could	O
use	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
with	O
a	O
driver	B-Application
that	O
implements	O
the	O
same	O
API	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
hardware	O
itself	O
was	O
incompatible	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
driver	B-Application
provides	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
buttons	O
and	O
the	O
distance	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
has	O
moved	O
in	O
units	O
that	O
its	O
documentation	O
calls	O
"	O
mickeys	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
the	O
Xerox	O
optical	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
used	O
a	O
quadrature-encoded	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
two-bit	O
encoding	B-Algorithm
per	O
dimension	O
had	O
the	O
property	O
that	O
only	O
one	O
bit	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
would	O
change	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
Gray	B-Device
code	I-Device
or	O
Johnson	B-General_Concept
counter	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
transitions	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
misinterpreted	O
when	O
asynchronously	O
sampled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
mass-market	O
mice	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
mice	O
used	O
a	O
D-subminiature	B-Protocol
9-pin	O
connector	O
to	O
send	O
the	O
quadrature-encoded	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
axis	O
signals	O
directly	O
,	O
plus	O
one	O
pin	O
per	O
mouse	B-Device
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
a	O
simple	O
optomechanical	O
device	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
decoding	O
circuitry	O
was	O
all	O
in	O
the	O
main	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DE-9	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
were	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
electrically	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
joysticks	B-Device
popular	O
on	O
numerous	O
8-bit	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
and	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
plugging	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
into	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
port	O
causes	O
the	O
"	O
joystick	B-Device
"	O
to	O
continuously	O
move	O
in	O
some	O
direction	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
stays	O
still	O
,	O
whereas	O
plugging	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
into	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
port	O
causes	O
the	O
"	O
mouse	B-Device
"	O
to	O
only	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
move	O
a	O
single	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
in	O
each	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
quadrature	O
decoder	O
built	O
in	O
,	O
early	O
PC	O
mice	O
used	O
the	O
RS-232C	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
to	O
communicate	O
encoded	O
mouse	B-Device
movements	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
provide	O
power	O
to	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mouse	B-Device
Systems	O
Corporation	O
version	O
used	O
a	O
five-byte	O
protocol	O
and	O
supported	O
three	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Microsoft	O
version	O
used	O
a	O
three-byte	O
protocol	O
and	O
supported	O
two	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
incompatibility	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
protocols	O
,	O
some	O
manufacturers	O
sold	O
serial	B-Device
mice	I-Device
with	O
a	O
mode	O
switch	O
:	O
"	O
PC	O
"	O
for	O
MSC	O
mode	O
,	O
"	O
MS	O
"	O
for	O
Microsoft	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
Apple	O
first	O
implemented	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
allowing	O
the	O
daisy	B-Application
chaining	I-Application
of	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
mice	O
and	O
other	O
devices	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
bus	O
with	O
no	O
configuration	O
whatsoever	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Featuring	O
only	O
a	O
single	O
data	O
pin	O
,	O
the	O
bus	O
used	O
a	O
purely	O
polled	O
approach	O
to	O
device	O
communications	O
and	O
survived	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
on	O
mainstream	O
models	O
(	O
including	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
non-Apple	O
workstations	O
)	O
until	O
1998	O
when	O
Apple	O
's	O
iMac	B-Device
line	O
of	O
computers	O
joined	O
the	O
industry-wide	O
switch	O
to	O
using	O
USB	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
with	O
the	O
Bronze	O
Keyboard	O
PowerBook	O
G3	O
in	O
May	O
1999	O
,	O
Apple	O
dropped	O
the	O
external	O
ADB	B-Device
port	I-Device
in	O
favor	O
of	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
retained	O
an	O
internal	O
ADB	B-Device
connection	O
in	O
the	O
PowerBook	B-Operating_System
G4	I-Operating_System
for	O
communication	O
with	O
its	O
built-in	O
keyboard	O
and	O
trackpad	O
until	O
early	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
arrival	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PS/2	I-Device
personal-computer	O
series	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
the	O
eponymous	O
PS/2	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
for	O
mice	O
and	O
keyboards	O
,	O
which	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
rapidly	O
adopted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
visible	O
change	O
was	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
round	O
6-pin	O
mini-DIN	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
lieu	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
5-pin	O
MIDI	O
style	O
full	O
sized	O
DIN	B-Architecture
41524	I-Architecture
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
default	O
mode	O
(	O
called	O
stream	O
mode	O
)	O
a	O
PS/2	B-Protocol
mouse	I-Protocol
communicates	O
motion	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
each	O
button	O
,	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
3-byte	O
packets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
any	O
motion	O
,	O
button	O
press	O
or	O
button	O
release	O
event	O
,	O
a	O
PS/2	B-Protocol
mouse	I-Protocol
sends	O
,	O
over	O
a	O
bi-directional	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
three	O
bytes	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
format	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
,	O
XS	O
and	O
YS	O
represent	O
the	O
sign	O
bits	O
of	O
the	O
movement	O
vectors	O
,	O
XV	O
and	O
YV	O
indicate	O
an	O
overflow	O
in	O
the	O
respective	O
vector	O
component	O
,	O
and	O
LB	O
,	O
MB	O
and	O
RB	O
indicate	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
the	O
left	O
,	O
middle	O
and	O
right	O
mouse	B-Device
buttons	O
(	O
1	O
=	O
pressed	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PS/2	B-Protocol
mice	I-Protocol
also	O
understand	O
several	O
commands	O
for	O
reset	O
and	O
self-test	O
,	O
switching	O
between	O
different	O
operating	O
modes	O
,	O
and	O
changing	O
the	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
reported	O
motion	O
vectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Microsoft	B-Device
IntelliMouse	I-Device
relies	O
on	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
PS/2	B-Device
protocol	O
:	O
the	O
ImPS/2	O
or	O
IMPS/2	O
protocol	O
(	O
the	O
abbreviation	O
combines	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
"	O
IntelliMouse	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
PS/2	B-Device
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
initially	O
operates	O
in	O
standard	O
PS/2	B-Device
format	O
,	O
for	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
host	O
sends	O
a	O
special	O
command	O
sequence	O
,	O
it	O
switches	O
to	O
an	O
extended	O
format	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
fourth	O
byte	B-Application
carries	O
information	O
about	O
wheel	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IntelliMouse	B-Device
Explorer	O
works	O
analogously	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
difference	O
that	O
its	O
4-byte	O
packets	O
also	O
allow	O
for	O
two	O
additional	O
buttons	O
(	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
five	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
vendors	O
also	O
use	O
other	O
extended	O
formats	O
,	O
often	O
without	O
providing	O
public	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Typhoon	O
mouse	B-Device
uses	O
6-byte	O
packets	O
which	O
can	O
appear	O
as	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
two	O
standard	O
3-byte	O
packets	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
an	O
ordinary	O
PS/2	B-Device
driver	B-Application
can	O
handle	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
Logitech	O
created	O
ultrasound	B-Application
based	O
tracking	O
which	O
gave	O
3D	O
input	O
to	O
a	O
few	O
millimeters	O
accuracy	O
,	O
which	O
worked	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
but	O
failed	O
as	O
a	O
profitable	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industry-standard	O
USB	B-Protocol
(	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Serial	I-Protocol
Bus	I-Protocol
)	O
protocol	O
and	O
its	O
connector	O
have	O
become	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
mice	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
among	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mice	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
through	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
use	O
a	O
receiver	O
that	O
plugs	O
into	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
through	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
mice	O
that	O
use	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
receiver	O
have	O
a	O
storage	O
compartment	O
for	O
it	O
inside	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
support	O
connecting	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
such	O
as	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Mouse	I-Device
via	O
multiple	O
interfaces	O
:	O
BallPoint	O
,	O
Bus	O
(	O
InPort	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
or	O
PS/2	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
added	O
built-in	O
support	O
for	O
USB	B-Protocol
Human	O
Interface	O
Device	O
class	O
(	O
USB	B-Protocol
HID	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
native	O
vertical	O
scrolling	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Me	O
expanded	O
this	O
built-in	O
support	O
to	O
5-button	O
mice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
introduced	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
stack	O
,	O
allowing	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
mice	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
without	O
any	O
USB	B-Protocol
receivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
added	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
horizontal	O
scrolling	O
and	O
standardized	O
wheel	O
movement	O
granularity	O
for	O
finer	O
scrolling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
introduced	O
BLE	O
(	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
Low	O
Energy	O
)	O
mouse/HID	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
systems	O
allow	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
mice	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
once	O
as	O
input	B-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Late-1980s	O
era	O
home	O
computers	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
used	O
this	O
to	O
allow	O
computer	O
games	O
with	O
two	O
players	O
interacting	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
computer	O
(	O
Lemmings	B-Application
and	O
The	B-Application
Settlers	I-Application
for	O
example	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
idea	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
in	O
collaborative	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
simulate	O
a	O
whiteboard	O
that	O
multiple	O
users	O
can	O
draw	O
on	O
without	O
passing	O
a	O
single	O
mouse	B-Device
around	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
since	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
,	O
has	O
supported	O
multiple	O
simultaneous	O
pointing	B-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Windows	B-Application
only	O
provides	O
a	O
single	O
screen	O
cursor	B-Application
,	O
using	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
device	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
requires	O
cooperation	O
of	O
users	O
or	O
applications	O
designed	O
for	O
multiple	O
input	B-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
mice	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
multi-user	O
gaming	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
specially	O
designed	O
devices	O
that	O
provide	O
several	O
input	B-Device
interfaces	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
also	O
has	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
multiple	O
input/mouse	O
configurations	O
for	O
multi-user	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
introduced	O
an	B-Device
SDK	I-Device
for	O
developing	O
applications	O
that	O
allow	O
multiple	O
input	B-Device
devices	I-Device
to	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
with	O
independent	O
cursors	B-Application
and	O
independent	O
input	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	O
Surface	O
(	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-General_Concept
PixelSense	I-General_Concept
)	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
set	O
of	O
input	O
APIs	O
that	O
were	O
adopted	O
into	O
Windows	B-Application
7	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
50	O
points/cursors	O
,	O
all	O
controlled	O
by	O
independent	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
input	O
points	O
provide	O
traditional	O
mouse	B-Device
input	I-Device
;	O
however	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
designed	O
with	O
other	O
input	O
technologies	O
like	O
touch	O
and	O
image	O
in	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2009	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
and	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
use	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
OpenSolaris	B-Operating_System
and	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
support	O
255	O
cursors/input	O
points	O
through	O
Multi-Pointer	B-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
currently	O
no	O
window	O
managers	O
support	O
Multi-Pointer	B-Device
X	I-Device
leaving	O
it	O
relegated	O
to	O
custom	O
software	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
buttons	O
are	O
microswitches	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
pressed	O
to	O
select	O
or	O
interact	O
with	O
an	O
element	O
of	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
producing	O
a	O
distinctive	O
clicking	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
most	O
commonly	O
employ	O
the	O
second	O
button	O
to	O
invoke	O
a	O
contextual	O
menu	O
in	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
software	O
user	O
interface	O
,	O
which	O
contains	O
options	O
specifically	O
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
interface	O
element	O
over	O
which	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
cursor	B-Application
currently	O
sits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
,	O
the	O
primary	O
mouse	B-Device
button	O
sits	O
located	O
on	O
the	O
left-hand	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
for	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
right-handed	O
users	O
;	O
left-handed	O
users	O
can	O
usually	O
reverse	O
this	O
configuration	O
via	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
less	O
common	O
,	O
many	O
mice	O
instead	O
have	O
two-axis	O
inputs	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
tiltable	O
wheel	O
,	O
trackball	B-Device
,	O
or	O
touchpad	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
with	O
a	O
trackball	B-Device
may	O
be	O
designed	O
to	O
stay	O
stationary	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
trackball	B-Device
instead	O
of	O
moving	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mickeys	O
per	O
second	O
is	O
a	O
unit	O
of	O
measurement	O
for	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
movement	O
direction	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
,	O
where	O
direction	O
is	O
often	O
expressed	O
as	O
"	O
horizontal	O
"	O
versus	O
"	O
vertical	O
"	O
mickey	O
count	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
speed	O
can	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
ratio	O
between	O
how	O
many	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
the	O
cursor	B-Application
moves	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
how	O
far	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
moves	O
on	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
pad	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
expressed	O
as	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
mickey	O
,	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
inch	O
,	O
or	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
centimeter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
industry	O
often	O
measures	O
mouse	B-Device
sensitivity	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
counts	O
per	O
inch	O
(	O
CPI	O
)	O
,	O
commonly	O
expressed	O
as	O
dots	O
per	O
inch	O
(	O
DPI	O
)	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
steps	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
will	O
report	O
when	O
it	O
moves	O
one	O
inch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
default	O
mouse-tracking	B-Device
condition	O
involves	O
moving	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
by	O
one	O
screen-pixel	O
or	O
dot	O
on-screen	O
per	O
reported	O
step	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
CPI	O
does	O
equate	O
to	O
DPI	O
:	O
dots	O
of	O
cursor	B-Application
motion	O
per	O
inch	O
of	O
mouse	B-Device
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPI	O
or	O
DPI	O
as	O
reported	O
by	O
manufacturers	O
depends	O
on	O
how	O
they	O
make	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
;	O
the	O
higher	O
the	O
CPI	O
,	O
the	O
faster	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
moves	O
with	O
mouse	B-Device
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
software	O
can	O
adjust	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
sensitivity	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
move	O
faster	O
or	O
slower	O
than	O
its	O
CPI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
software	O
can	O
change	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
dynamically	O
,	O
taking	O
into	O
account	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
absolute	O
speed	O
and	O
the	O
movement	O
from	O
the	O
last	O
stop-point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
software	O
,	O
an	O
example	O
being	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
platforms	O
,	O
this	O
setting	O
is	O
named	O
"	O
speed	O
"	O
,	O
referring	O
to	O
"	O
cursor	B-Application
precision	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
name	O
this	O
setting	O
"	O
acceleration	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
typical	O
Apple	O
OS	O
designation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
acceleration	O
in	O
most	O
mouse	B-Device
software	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
change	O
in	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
over	O
time	O
while	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
movement	O
is	O
constant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
simple	O
software	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
starts	O
to	O
move	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
will	O
count	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
counts	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
mickeys	O
"	O
received	O
from	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
and	O
will	O
move	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
across	O
the	O
screen	O
by	O
that	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
or	O
multiplied	O
by	O
a	O
rate	O
factor	O
,	O
typically	O
less	O
than	O
1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cursor	B-Application
will	O
move	O
slowly	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
with	O
good	O
precision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
passes	O
the	O
value	O
set	O
for	O
some	O
threshold	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
will	O
start	O
to	O
move	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
faster	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
greater	O
rate	O
factor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
sometimes	O
apply	O
acceleration	O
,	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
ballistics	B-Application
"	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
motion	O
reported	O
by	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
prior	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
doubled	O
reported	O
values	O
above	O
a	O
configurable	O
threshold	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
optionally	O
doubled	O
them	O
again	O
above	O
a	O
second	O
configurable	O
threshold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engelbart	O
's	O
original	O
mouse	B-Device
did	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
mousepad	O
;	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
had	O
two	O
large	O
wheels	O
which	O
could	O
roll	O
on	O
virtually	O
any	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
most	O
subsequent	O
mechanical	O
mice	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
steel	O
roller	B-Device
ball	I-Device
mouse	B-Device
have	O
required	O
a	O
mousepad	O
for	O
optimal	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mousepad	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
mouse	B-Device
accessory	O
,	O
appears	O
most	O
commonly	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
mechanical	O
mice	O
,	O
because	O
to	O
roll	O
smoothly	O
the	O
ball	O
requires	O
more	O
friction	O
than	O
common	O
desk	O
surfaces	O
usually	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
Systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whether	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
hard	O
or	O
soft	O
mousepad	O
with	O
an	O
optical	O
mouse	B-Device
is	O
largely	O
a	O
matter	O
of	O
personal	O
preference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mice	O
also	O
come	O
with	O
small	O
"	O
pads	O
"	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
bottom	O
surface	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
mouse	B-Device
feet	O
or	O
mouse	B-Device
skates	O
,	O
that	O
help	O
the	O
user	O
slide	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
smoothly	O
across	O
surfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
1981	O
,	O
Xerox	O
included	O
mice	O
with	O
its	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
used	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
on	O
the	O
Alto	B-Device
computer	O
at	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
,	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
Inc.	O
,	O
and	O
Tektronix	O
also	O
shipped	O
workstations	O
with	O
mice	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
about	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
Star	O
,	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
released	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
,	O
which	O
also	O
used	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
in	O
1984	O
did	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
see	O
widespread	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
design	O
,	O
commercially	O
successful	O
and	O
technically	O
influential	O
,	O
led	O
many	O
other	O
vendors	O
to	O
begin	O
producing	O
mice	O
or	O
including	O
them	O
with	O
their	O
other	O
computer	O
products	O
(	O
by	O
1986	O
,	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
,	O
GEOS	B-Device
for	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
in	O
the	O
software	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
made	O
mice	O
all	O
but	O
indispensable	O
for	O
controlling	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2008	O
,	O
Logitech	O
built	O
their	O
billionth	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
often	O
functions	O
as	O
an	O
interface	O
for	O
PC-based	O
computer	O
games	O
and	O
sometimes	O
for	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
Desk	B-Application
Accessory	I-Application
Puzzle	O
in	O
1984	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
game	O
designed	O
specifically	O
for	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
FPSs	O
naturally	O
lend	O
themselves	O
to	O
separate	O
and	O
simultaneous	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
movement	O
and	O
aim	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
computers	O
this	O
has	O
traditionally	O
been	O
achieved	O
with	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
keyboard	O
and	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Players	O
use	O
the	O
X-axis	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
for	O
looking	O
(	O
or	O
turning	O
)	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Y-axis	O
for	O
looking	O
up	O
and	O
down	O
;	O
the	O
keyboard	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
movement	O
and	O
supplemental	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
shooting	O
genre	O
players	O
prefer	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
over	O
a	O
gamepad	B-Device
analog	B-Device
stick	I-Device
because	O
the	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
motion	O
offered	O
by	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
allows	O
for	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
varied	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
an	O
analog	B-Device
stick	I-Device
allows	O
the	O
player	O
more	O
granular	O
control	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
poor	O
for	O
certain	O
movements	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
input	O
is	O
relayed	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
vector	O
of	O
both	O
the	O
stick	O
's	O
direction	O
and	O
magnitude	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
but	O
fast	O
movement	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
flick-shotting	O
"	O
)	O
using	O
a	O
gamepad	B-Device
requires	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
quickly	O
move	O
the	O
stick	O
from	O
its	O
rest	O
position	O
to	O
the	O
edge	O
and	O
back	O
again	O
in	O
quick	O
succession	O
,	O
a	O
difficult	O
maneuver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effect	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
that	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
is	O
well	O
suited	O
not	O
only	O
to	O
small	O
,	O
precise	O
movements	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
large	O
,	O
quick	O
movements	O
and	O
immediate	O
,	O
responsive	O
movements	O
;	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
important	O
in	O
shooter	O
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
incorrectly	O
ported	O
games	O
or	O
game	O
engines	O
have	O
acceleration	O
and	O
interpolation	O
curves	O
which	O
unintentionally	O
produce	O
excessive	O
,	O
irregular	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
negative	O
acceleration	O
when	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
instead	O
of	O
their	O
native	O
platform	O
's	O
non-mouse	O
default	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
similarity	O
to	O
the	O
WIMP	B-Application
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
interface	O
for	O
which	O
mice	O
were	O
originally	O
designed	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
tabletop	O
game	O
origins	O
,	O
computer	B-Application
strategy	I-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
most	O
commonly	O
played	O
with	O
mice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
real-time	O
strategy	O
and	O
MOBA	O
games	O
usually	O
require	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
serves	O
for	O
aiming	O
,	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
that	O
tracks	O
movement	O
accurately	O
and	O
with	O
less	O
lag	O
(	O
latency	O
)	O
will	O
give	O
a	O
player	O
an	O
advantage	O
over	O
players	O
with	O
less	O
accurate	O
or	O
slower	O
mice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
the	O
right	O
mouse	B-Device
button	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
move	O
the	O
player	O
forward	O
,	O
either	O
in	O
lieu	O
of	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
typical	O
WASD	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Players	O
could	O
achieve	O
this	O
by	O
holding	O
down	O
a	O
key	O
for	O
strafing	O
while	O
continuously	O
aiming	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
toward	O
the	O
opponent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mouse	B-Device
Bungees	I-Device
are	O
typically	O
used	O
with	O
gaming	O
mice	O
because	O
it	O
eliminates	O
the	O
annoyance	O
of	O
the	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
first	O
-	O
or	O
third-person	O
shooters	O
,	O
have	O
a	O
setting	O
named	O
"	O
invert	O
mouse	B-Device
"	O
or	O
similar	O
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
"	O
button	O
inversion	O
"	O
,	O
sometimes	O
performed	O
by	O
left-handed	O
users	O
)	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
look	O
downward	O
by	O
moving	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
forward	O
and	O
upward	O
by	O
moving	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
backward	O
(	O
the	O
opposite	O
of	O
non-inverted	O
movement	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
control	O
system	O
resembles	O
that	O
of	O
aircraft	O
control	B-Device
sticks	I-Device
,	O
where	O
pulling	O
back	O
causes	O
pitch	O
up	O
and	O
pushing	O
forward	O
causes	O
pitch	O
down	O
;	O
computer	B-Device
joysticks	I-Device
also	O
typically	O
emulate	O
this	O
control-configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
id	O
Software	O
's	O
commercial	O
hit	O
of	O
Doom	B-Application
,	O
which	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
vertical	O
aiming	O
,	O
competitor	O
Bungie	O
's	O
Marathon	B-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
first-person	O
shooter	O
to	O
support	O
using	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
to	O
aim	O
up	O
and	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
using	O
the	O
Build	B-Application
engine	I-Application
had	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
invert	O
the	O
Y-axis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
invert	O
"	O
feature	O
actually	O
made	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
behave	O
in	O
a	O
manner	O
that	O
users	O
regard	O
as	O
non-inverted	O
(	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
moving	O
mouse	B-Device
forward	O
resulted	O
in	O
looking	O
down	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
,	O
id	O
Software	O
released	O
Quake	B-Application
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
the	O
invert	O
feature	O
as	O
users	O
know	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
VTech	B-Device
Socrates	I-Device
educational	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
featured	O
a	O
wireless	O
mouse	B-Device
with	O
an	O
attached	O
mouse	B-Device
pad	O
as	O
an	O
optional	O
controller	O
used	O
for	O
some	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
Nintendo	I-Application
Entertainment	I-Application
System	I-Application
video	O
game	O
system	O
featured	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
in	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mouse	B-Device
was	O
also	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
64	I-Operating_System
,	O
although	O
it	O
was	O
only	O
released	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1992	O
game	O
Mario	B-Application
Paint	I-Application
in	O
particular	O
used	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
's	O
capabilities	O
,	O
as	O
did	O
its	O
Japanese-only	O
successor	O
Mario	B-Device
Artist	I-Device
on	O
the	O
N64	B-Operating_System
for	O
its	O
64DD	B-Device
disk	O
drive	O
peripheral	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
released	O
official	O
mice	O
for	O
their	O
Genesis/Mega	B-Operating_System
Drive	I-Operating_System
,	O
Saturn	B-Device
and	O
Dreamcast	B-Operating_System
consoles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEC	O
sold	O
official	O
mice	O
for	O
its	O
PC	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
and	O
PC-FX	B-Device
consoles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
released	O
an	O
official	O
mouse	B-Device
product	O
for	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
console	I-Device
,	O
included	O
one	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Linux	B-Device
for	I-Device
PlayStation	I-Device
2	I-Device
kit	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
allowing	O
owners	O
to	O
use	O
virtually	O
any	O
USB	B-Protocol
mouse	B-Device
with	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
,	O
PS3	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
PS4	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
's	I-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
also	O
had	O
this	O
feature	O
implemented	O
in	O
a	O
later	O
software	O
update	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
support	O
was	O
retained	O
on	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
.	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Xbox	B-Protocol
line	O
of	O
game	O
consoles	O
(	O
which	O
used	O
operaring	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
)	O
also	O
had	O
universal-wide	O
mouse	B-Device
support	O
using	O
USB	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
