<s>
Computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
(	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
how	O
people	O
utilize	O
technology	O
collaboratively	O
,	O
often	O
towards	O
a	O
shared	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
addresses	O
how	O
computer	O
systems	O
can	O
support	O
collaborative	O
activity	O
and	O
coordination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
specifically	O
,	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
seeks	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
draw	O
connections	O
between	O
currently	O
understood	O
human	O
psychological	O
and	O
social	O
behaviors	O
and	O
available	O
collaborative	B-Application
tools	I-Application
,	O
or	O
groupware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
is	O
to	O
help	O
promote	O
and	O
utilize	O
technology	O
in	O
a	O
collaborative	O
way	O
,	O
and	O
help	O
create	O
new	O
tools	O
to	O
succeed	O
in	O
that	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
parallels	O
allow	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
research	O
to	O
inform	O
future	O
design	O
patterns	O
or	O
assist	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
entirely	O
new	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
field	O
are	O
intertwined	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
and	O
subsequent	O
fall	O
of	O
office	O
automation	O
as	O
response	O
to	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
criticisms	O
,	O
particularly	O
the	O
failure	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
impact	O
human	O
psychological	O
and	O
social	O
behaviors	O
can	O
have	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greif	O
and	O
Cashman	O
created	O
the	O
term	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
to	O
help	O
employees	O
seeking	O
to	O
further	O
their	O
work	O
with	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
is	O
an	O
interdisciplinary	O
research	O
area	O
of	O
growing	O
interest	O
which	O
relates	O
workstations	O
to	O
digitally	O
advanced	O
networking	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
or	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
has	O
become	O
useful	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
since	O
its	O
inception	O
and	O
most	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
ongoing	O
crisis	O
of	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
now	O
share	O
a	O
common	O
workspace	O
,	O
hold	O
virtual	B-Protocol
meetings	I-Protocol
,	O
see	O
and	O
hear	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
movements	O
and	O
voices	O
in	O
a	O
common	O
virtual	O
workspace	O
with	O
a	O
group-centered	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
when	O
advanced	O
and	O
generic	O
methods	O
are	O
combined	O
does	O
a	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
framework	O
seem	O
complete	O
to	O
the	O
consumer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
decades	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
studies	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
using	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
technologies	O
to	O
promote	O
collaborative	O
work	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
shared	O
data	O
services	O
to	O
video-mediated	O
networks	O
for	O
synchronous	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
various	O
domains	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
Audio/Video	O
Conference	O
Module	O
(	O
AVM	O
)	O
has	O
become	O
useful	O
in	O
enabling	O
audiovisual	O
communication	O
via	O
the	O
online	O
applications	O
used	O
to	O
discuss	O
and	O
undertake	O
work	O
operations	O
such	O
as	O
Zoom	O
and	O
EzTalks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
design-oriented	O
academic	O
field	O
that	O
is	O
interdisciplinary	O
in	O
nature	O
and	O
brings	O
together	O
librarians	O
,	O
economists	O
,	O
organizational	O
theorists	O
,	O
educators	O
,	O
social	O
psychologists	O
,	O
sociologists	O
,	O
anthropologists	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
scientists	I-General_Concept
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
disciplines	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
identifiable	O
research	O
field	O
focused	O
on	O
understanding	O
characteristics	O
of	O
interdependent	O
group	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
objective	O
of	O
designing	O
adequate	O
computer-based	O
technology	O
to	O
support	O
such	O
cooperative	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essentially	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
goes	O
beyond	O
building	O
technology	O
itself	O
and	O
looks	O
at	O
how	O
people	O
work	O
within	O
groups	O
and	O
organizations	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
impacts	O
of	O
technology	O
on	O
those	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
has	O
ushered	O
in	O
a	O
great	O
extent	O
of	O
melding	O
between	O
social	O
scientists	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
scientists	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
R&D	O
professionals	O
working	O
with	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
are	O
computer	B-General_Concept
scientists	I-General_Concept
who	O
have	O
realized	O
that	O
social	O
factors	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
collaborative	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
researchers	O
have	O
identified	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
core	O
dimensions	O
of	O
cooperative	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
concepts	O
have	O
largely	O
been	O
derived	O
through	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
systems	O
designed	O
by	O
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
community	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
studies	O
of	O
existing	O
systems	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
researchers	O
that	O
design	O
and	O
build	O
systems	O
try	O
to	O
address	O
core	O
concepts	O
in	O
novel	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
concept	O
was	O
then	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
by	O
Schmidt	O
and	O
Bannon	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
more	O
realistic	O
work	O
scenarios	O
in	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
articulation	O
work	O
was	O
initially	O
used	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
travelled	O
through	O
other	O
domains	O
of	O
work	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
healthcare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
articulation	O
work	O
is	O
the	O
means	O
that	O
allows	O
for	O
cooperative	O
work	O
to	O
be	O
cooperative	O
,	O
a	O
main	O
objective	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
ways	O
of	O
conceptualizing	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
is	O
to	O
consider	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
's	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
conceptualization	O
is	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
Matrix	O
,	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
1988	O
by	O
Johansen	O
;	O
it	O
also	O
appears	O
in	O
Baecker	O
(	O
1995	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
matrix	O
is	O
an	O
outline	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
in	O
different	O
contexts	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
does	O
have	O
its	O
limitations	O
for	O
users	O
who	O
are	O
beginners	O
at	O
understanding	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
field	O
evolves	O
whether	O
by	O
new	O
social	O
standards	O
or	O
technological	O
development	O
,	O
the	O
simple	O
matrix	O
cannot	O
describe	O
all	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
and	O
fields	O
of	O
research	O
within	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Model	O
of	O
Coordinated	O
Action	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
analyzing	O
group	O
collaboration	O
,	O
identifies	O
several	O
dimensions	O
of	O
common	O
features	O
of	O
cooperative	O
work	O
that	O
extend	O
beyond	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
matrix	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
more	O
complexity	O
in	O
describing	O
how	O
teams	O
work	O
given	O
certain	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
seven	O
total	O
dimensions	O
that	O
constitute	O
the	O
model	O
(	O
MoCA	O
)	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
essential	O
“	O
fields	O
of	O
action	O
”	O
seen	O
in	O
existing	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
likelihood	O
of	O
context	O
collapse	O
is	O
especially	O
challenging	O
with	O
the	O
surge	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
which	O
introduces	O
a	O
conflict	O
of	O
interest	O
for	O
the	O
users	O
who	O
have	O
an	O
ideal	O
audience	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
platforms	O
algorithm	O
has	O
a	O
differing	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Comparatively	O
,	O
platforms	O
with	O
less	O
constraints	O
on	O
anonymity	O
are	O
subject	O
to	O
users	O
that	O
portray	O
their	O
online	O
and	O
offline	O
selves	O
differently	O
,	O
thus	O
creating	O
a	O
“	O
persona	B-Application
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
unequivocally	O
associate	O
an	O
online	O
persona	B-Application
to	O
a	O
real-life	O
human	O
contributes	O
to	O
how	O
users	O
present	O
themselves	O
online	O
honestly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
users	O
face	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
relative	O
to	O
visibility	O
given	O
the	O
current	O
era	O
of	O
screenshotting	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
,	O
boundary	O
objects	O
are	O
typically	O
used	O
to	O
study	O
how	O
information	O
and	O
tools	O
are	O
transmitted	O
between	O
different	O
cultures	O
or	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
examples	O
of	O
boundary	O
objects	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
research	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
,	O
standardization	O
and	O
flexibility	O
are	O
almost	O
mutually	O
exclusive	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
flexibility	O
comes	O
in	O
two	O
forms	O
,	O
flexibility	O
for	O
future	O
change	O
,	O
and	O
flexibility	O
for	O
interpretation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tool	O
is	O
perfectly	O
flexible	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
lose	O
flexibility	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
three	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creating	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
toolkits	O
requires	O
flexibility	O
of	O
interpretation	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
that	O
these	O
tools	O
are	O
generic	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
technologies	O
have	O
created	O
massive	O
change	O
in	O
their	O
use	O
as	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
,	O
allowing	O
students	O
and	O
teachers	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
platforms	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
shared	O
online	O
space	O
in	O
which	O
to	O
communicate	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
delivery	O
of	O
content	O
can	O
be	O
either	O
asynchronous	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
email	O
and	O
discussion	O
forums	O
,	O
or	O
synchronous	O
,	O
like	O
through	O
chat	B-Protocol
or	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
increase	O
social	O
presence	O
within	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
information	O
is	O
greatly	O
useful	O
in	O
designing	O
future	O
systems	O
because	O
it	O
explains	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
technology	O
like	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
in	O
synchronous	O
e-learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
orienting	O
older	O
workers	O
with	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
train	O
younger	O
students	O
or	O
older	O
teachers	O
in	O
utilizing	O
virtual	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
possible	O
for	O
widely	O
spread	O
virtual	O
classrooms	O
and	O
learning	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
usually	O
offers	O
synchronous	O
and	O
asynchronous	O
games	O
to	O
allow	O
multiple	O
individuals	O
to	O
compete	O
in	O
a	O
certain	O
activity	O
across	O
social	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HCI	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
game	O
studies	O
in	O
MMORPGs	B-Protocol
highlight	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
avatar-mediated	O
self-presentation	O
in	O
player	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
quest-based	O
multiplayer	O
game	O
World	B-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
Warcraft	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
most	O
collaborative	O
and	O
socially	O
interactive	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
are	O
the	O
“	O
Guilds	O
,	O
”	O
which	O
are	O
alliances	O
of	O
individuals	O
with	O
whom	O
players	O
must	O
join	O
forces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
incorporating	O
Guilds	O
,	O
World	B-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
Warcraft	I-Protocol
creates	O
opportunities	O
for	O
players	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
with	O
their	O
team	O
members	O
who	O
can	O
be	O
from	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WOW	B-Protocol
players	O
who	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
a	O
Guild	O
are	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
play	O
and	O
do	O
quests	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
Guild	O
mates	O
each	O
time	O
which	O
develops	O
a	O
strong	O
bond	O
between	O
players	O
and	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
mobile	O
devices	O
make	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
texting	O
possible	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
settings	O
which	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
accessible	O
without	O
such	O
a	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
social	O
media	O
platform	O
WeChat	B-Application
has	O
is	O
utilized	O
to	O
facilitate	O
communication	O
between	O
patients	O
and	O
doctors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WeChat	B-Application
is	O
able	O
to	O
enhance	O
healthcare	O
interactions	O
between	O
patient	O
and	O
doctor	O
by	O
allowing	O
direct	O
communication	O
of	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
symptoms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
with	O
older	O
individuals	O
being	O
less	O
comfortable	O
with	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
design	O
social	O
platforms	O
that	O
account	O
for	O
both	O
older	O
and	O
younger	O
generational	O
social	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
the	O
lines	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
collaborative	O
modality	O
is	O
something	O
called	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
was	O
first	O
coined	O
by	O
Mark	O
Weiser	O
of	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
social	O
commerce	O
apps	O
,	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
widespread	O
availability	O
of	O
smart	O
devices	O
and	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
within	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
that	O
how	O
come	O
out	O
of	O
these	O
three	O
trends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
topics	O
include	O
ethnomethodology	O
and	O
conversation	O
analysis	O
(	O
EMCA	O
)	O
within	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
instant	B-Application
message	I-Application
based	O
social	O
commerce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
You	O
Recommend	O
I	O
Buy	O
:	O
How	O
and	O
Why	O
People	O
Engage	O
in	O
Instant	B-Application
Messaging	I-Application
Based	O
Social	O
Commerce	O
,	O
researchers	O
on	O
this	O
project	O
analyzed	O
twelve	O
users	O
of	O
Chinese	O
Instant	B-Application
Messenger	I-Application
(	O
IM	O
)	O
social	O
commerce	O
platforms	O
to	O
study	O
how	O
social	O
recommendation	O
engines	O
on	O
IM	O
commerce	O
platforms	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
user	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
was	O
entirely	O
on	O
Chinese	O
platforms	O
,	O
mainly	O
WeChat	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
this	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
paper	O
,	O
Embeddedness	O
and	O
Sequentiality	O
in	O
Social	O
Media	O
,	O
explores	O
a	O
new	O
methodology	O
for	O
analyzing	O
social	O
media	O
—	O
another	O
expression	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
team	O
behind	O
this	O
research	O
,	O
hailing	O
from	O
University	O
of	O
Nottingham	O
and	O
Stockholm	O
University	O
,	O
recognized	O
that	O
“	O
moment-by-moment	O
,	O
unfolding	O
,	O
real-time	O
human	O
action	O
”	O
was	O
somewhat	O
missing	O
from	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
literature	O
on	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Revisiting	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
Fundamentals	O
on	O
Distributed	O
Collaboration	O
is	O
another	O
research	O
article	O
that	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
title	O
suggests	O
,	O
explores	O
under	O
what	O
circumstances	O
distance	O
matters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
solutions	O
of	O
unresolved	O
issues	O
in	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
systems	O
can	O
be	O
explored	O
now	O
that	O
the	O
observations	O
of	O
user	O
experiences	O
in	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
normally	O
based	O
on	O
recollection	O
,	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	O
activities	O
refer	O
to	O
occurrences	O
in	O
co-located	O
groupware	B-Application
and	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
technologies	O
like	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
topic	O
of	O
computing	O
infrastructures	O
,	O
Democratizing	O
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
-	O
a	O
Right	O
for	O
Locality	O
presents	O
a	O
study	O
from	O
researchers	O
at	O
Lancaster	O
University	O
on	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
"	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
to	O
identify	O
where	O
there	O
exists	O
positive	O
or	O
negative	O
effects	O
on	O
users	O
and	O
society	O
at	O
large	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
apparent	O
guiding	O
principle	O
to	O
the	O
research	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
advancing	O
any	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
technologies	O
should	O
be	O
to	O
maximize	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
good	O
to	O
as	O
many	O
people	O
in	O
a	O
society	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
observation	O
is	O
made	O
about	O
the	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
these	O
infrastructures	O
come	O
into	O
being:A	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
infrastructure	O
can	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
enabling	O
and	O
enhancing	O
beneficial	O
social	O
processes	O
as	O
,	O
unlike	O
electricity	O
,	O
digital	O
infrastructure	O
enhances	O
a	O
society	O
’s	O
cognitive	O
power	O
by	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
connect	O
people	O
and	O
information	O
 [ 39 ] 	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
because	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
further	O
disadvantage	O
marginalized	O
communities	O
online.The	O
current	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
infrastructures	O
is	O
that	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
best	O
support	O
urban	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proposals	O
to	O
resolve	O
these	O
social	O
issues	O
include	O
increased	O
transparency	O
about	O
personal	O
data	O
collection	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
individual	O
and	O
community	O
accountability	O
about	O
the	O
data	O
collection	O
process	O
in	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essentially	O
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
will	O
reflect	O
society	O
and	O
the	O
choices	O
it	O
makes	O
will	O
influence	O
those	O
computing	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
put	O
in	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
is	O
huge	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
because	O
as	O
the	O
barriers	O
between	O
physical	O
boundaries	O
that	O
separate	O
us	O
break	O
down	O
with	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
technology	O
,	O
our	O
relationships	O
to	O
those	O
locations	O
is	O
actually	O
strengthened	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
is	O
often	O
so	O
contingent	O
on	O
the	O
social	O
context	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
generalize	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
that	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
successful	O
ones	O
may	O
fail	O
to	O
be	O
appropriated	O
in	O
other	O
seemingly	O
similar	O
contexts	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
reasons	O
that	O
are	O
nearly	O
impossible	O
to	O
identify	O
a	O
priori	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
researcher	O
Mark	O
Ackerman	O
calls	O
this	O
"	O
divide	O
between	O
what	O
we	O
know	O
we	O
must	O
support	O
socially	O
and	O
what	O
we	O
can	O
support	O
technically	O
"	O
the	O
social-technical	O
gap	O
and	O
describes	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
's	O
main	O
research	O
agenda	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
exploring	O
,	O
understanding	O
,	O
and	O
hopefully	O
ameliorating	O
"	O
this	O
gap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
highlights	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
adaptability	O
within	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
,	O
Schmidt	O
expands	O
on	O
the	O
“	O
crucial	O
requirement	O
of	O
flexibility	O
that	O
arises	O
from	O
the	O
changing	O
needs	O
of	O
the	O
cooperative	O
work	O
setting	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
all	O
tie	O
together	O
to	O
highlight	O
the	O
gaps	O
within	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
teams	O
working	O
in	O
a	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
environment	O
need	O
the	O
same	O
types	O
of	O
leadership	O
as	O
non-CSCW	O
teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
distributed	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
teams	O
may	O
need	O
more	O
direction	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
group	O
is	O
formed	O
than	O
traditional	O
working	O
groups	O
,	O
largely	O
to	O
promote	O
cohesion	O
and	O
liking	O
among	O
people	O
who	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
as	O
many	O
opportunities	O
to	O
interact	O
in	O
person	O
,	O
both	O
before	O
and	O
after	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
working	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groupware	B-Application
goes	O
hand	O
in	O
hand	O
with	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
refers	O
to	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
activities	O
of	O
a	O
group	O
or	O
organization	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
and	O
includes	O
email	O
,	O
conferencing	O
tools	O
,	O
group	O
calendars	O
,	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
management	O
tools	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
groupware	B-Application
enables	O
geographically	O
dispersed	O
teams	O
to	O
achieve	O
organizational	O
goals	O
and	O
engage	O
in	O
cooperative	O
work	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
also	O
many	O
challenges	O
that	O
accompany	O
use	O
of	O
such	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
groupware	B-Application
often	O
requires	O
users	O
to	O
learn	O
a	O
new	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
users	O
may	O
perceive	O
as	O
creating	O
more	O
work	O
for	O
them	O
without	O
much	O
benefit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
team	O
members	O
are	O
not	O
willing	O
to	O
learn	O
and	O
adopt	O
groupware	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
highly	O
difficult	O
for	O
the	O
organization	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
requisite	O
critical	O
mass	O
for	O
the	O
groupware	B-Application
to	O
be	O
useful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
research	O
has	O
found	O
that	O
groupware	B-Application
requires	O
careful	O
implementation	O
into	O
a	O
group	O
setting	O
,	O
and	O
product	O
developers	O
have	O
not	O
as	O
yet	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
most	O
optimal	O
way	O
to	O
introduce	O
such	O
systems	O
into	O
organizational	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
technical	O
side	O
,	O
networking	O
issues	O
with	O
groupware	B-Application
often	O
create	O
challenges	O
in	O
using	O
groupware	B-Application
for	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
web	B-Protocol
conferencing	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
quite	O
challenging	O
if	O
some	O
members	O
have	O
a	O
very	O
slow	O
connection	O
and	O
others	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
utilize	O
high	O
speed	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adapting	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
for	O
intergenerational	O
groups	O
is	O
a	O
prevalent	O
issue	O
within	O
all	O
forms	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
this	O
,	O
many	O
fields	O
that	O
utilize	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
require	O
carefully	O
designed	O
frameworks	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
different	O
generations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
recurring	O
challenges	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
environments	O
is	O
development	O
of	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
can	O
bridge	O
cross-generational	O
gaps	O
in	O
virtual	O
teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
team-driven	O
groupware	B-Application
platforms	O
range	O
from	O
email	O
and	O
daily	O
calendars	O
to	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
platforms	O
,	O
task	O
management	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ideally	O
,	O
system	O
designs	O
will	O
accommodate	O
all	O
team	O
members	O
,	O
but	O
orienting	O
older	O
workers	O
to	O
new	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tools	O
can	O
often	O
be	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
older	O
workers	O
delay	O
their	O
retirement	O
and	O
re-enter	O
the	O
workforce	O
,	O
teams	O
are	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
intergenerational	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
effective	O
intergenerational	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
frameworks	O
for	O
virtual	O
environments	O
is	O
essential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
new	O
collaborative	B-Application
tools	I-Application
that	O
have	O
been	O
tried	O
and	O
tested	O
,	O
these	O
previous	O
barriers	O
to	O
communication	O
have	O
been	O
shattered	O
and	O
replaced	O
with	O
new	O
tools	O
that	O
help	O
progress	O
collaboration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
integral	O
in	O
shaping	O
computer	B-Protocol
supported	I-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
major	O
categories	O
:	O
communication	O
and	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individuals	O
can	O
also	O
send	O
pictures	O
of	O
code	O
and	O
issues	O
through	O
platforms	O
like	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Teams	I-Application
without	O
anyone	O
needing	O
to	O
change	O
screen	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
like	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Teams	I-Application
and	O
Slack	O
also	O
allow	O
people	O
to	O
collaborate	O
with	O
ease	O
even	O
if	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
different	O
time	O
zones	O
or	O
different	O
geographical	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organization	O
:	O
Apps	O
such	O
as	O
iCal	O
and	O
Reminders	O
on	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
provide	O
time-oriented	O
structure	O
and	O
remind	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
tasks	O
they	O
must	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
field	O
,	O
researchers	O
rely	O
on	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
sources	O
that	O
include	O
journals	O
and	O
research	O
schools	O
of	O
thought	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
researchers	O
often	O
have	O
difficulty	O
deciding	O
which	O
set(s )	O
of	O
tools	O
will	O
benefit	O
a	O
particular	O
group	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
nuances	O
within	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
range	O
of	O
disciplinary	O
approaches	O
leveraged	O
in	O
implementing	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
makes	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
difficult	O
to	O
evaluate	O
,	O
measure	O
,	O
and	O
generalize	O
to	O
multiple	O
populations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
researchers	O
evaluating	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
often	O
bypass	O
quantitative	O
data	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
naturalistic	O
inquiry	O
,	O
results	O
can	O
be	O
largely	O
subjective	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
complexity	O
and	O
nuances	O
of	O
organizations	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Possibly	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
debate	O
between	O
qualitative	O
and	O
quantitative	O
researchers	O
,	O
three	O
evaluation	O
approaches	O
have	O
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
literature	O
examining	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evaluation	O
approach	O
Usage	O
Weakness	O
Methodology-oriented	O
frameworks	O
Explain	O
the	O
methods	O
of	O
inquiry	O
available	O
to	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
researchers	O
Not	O
providing	O
guidance	O
for	O
selecting	O
the	O
best	O
method	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
research	O
question	O
or	O
population	O
Conceptual	O
frameworks	O
Provide	O
guidelines	O
for	O
determining	O
factors	O
that	O
a	O
researcher	O
should	O
consider	O
and	O
evaluate	O
through	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
research	O
Fail	O
to	O
link	O
conceptual	O
constructs	O
with	O
methodological	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
,	O
there	O
are	O
small	O
psychological	O
differences	O
between	O
how	O
men	O
and	O
women	O
approach	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
women	O
feeling	O
potentially	O
alienated	O
and	O
unfairly	O
targeted	O
by	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
more	O
studies	O
have	O
been	O
conducted	O
on	O
how	O
men	O
and	O
women	O
interact	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
using	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Findings	O
do	O
not	O
indicate	O
that	O
men	O
and	O
women	O
have	O
performance	O
difference	O
when	O
performing	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tasks	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
that	O
each	O
gender	O
approaches	O
and	O
interacts	O
with	O
software	O
and	O
performs	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
tasks	O
differently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
,	O
men	O
are	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
take	O
control	O
of	O
group	O
activities	O
and	O
teamwork	O
,	O
even	O
from	O
a	O
young	O
age	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
further	O
ostracizing	O
of	O
women	O
speaking	O
up	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
group	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
message	O
boards	O
,	O
men	O
on	O
average	O
posted	O
more	O
messages	O
and	O
engaged	O
more	O
frequently	O
than	O
their	O
female	O
counterparts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dynamic	O
of	O
women	O
in	O
the	O
workforce	O
not	O
participating	O
as	O
much	O
is	O
less	O
of	O
a	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
problem	O
and	O
is	O
prevalent	O
in	O
all	O
workspaces	O
,	O
but	O
software	O
can	O
still	O
be	O
designed	O
to	O
increase	O
female	O
participation	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
one	O
possible	O
method	O
to	O
increasing	O
female	O
participation	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
address	O
why	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
has	O
lower	O
female	O
participation	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
study	O
,	O
women	O
generally	O
rated	O
themselves	O
as	O
being	O
poor	O
at	O
understanding	O
technology	O
,	O
having	O
difficulty	O
at	O
using	O
mobile	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
disliked	O
using	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
lack	O
of	O
confidence	O
in	O
software	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
impacts	O
women	O
’s	O
ability	O
to	O
efficiently	O
and	O
effectively	O
use	O
online	O
programs	O
compared	O
to	O
men	O
,	O
and	O
accounts	O
for	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
difficulties	O
women	O
face	O
in	O
using	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
being	O
an	O
active	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
since	O
the	O
1990	O
’s	O
,	O
many	O
developers	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
take	O
gender	O
differences	O
into	O
account	O
when	O
designing	O
their	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
issues	O
compound	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
cultural	O
problems	O
mentioned	O
previously	O
,	O
and	O
lead	O
to	O
further	O
difficulties	O
for	O
women	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
enabling	O
developers	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
differences	O
and	O
difficulties	O
facing	O
women	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
design	O
,	O
women	O
can	O
be	O
more	O
effective	O
users	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
through	O
sharing	O
and	O
voicing	O
opinions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
(	O
ACM	O
)	O
has	O
hosted	O
a	O
yearly	O
conference	O
on	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
rapidly	O
increasing	O
development	O
of	O
new	O
devices	O
that	O
allow	O
collaboration	O
from	O
different	O
locations	O
and	O
contexts	O
,	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
seeks	O
to	O
bring	O
together	O
researchers	O
from	O
across	O
academia	O
and	O
industry	O
to	O
discuss	O
the	O
many	O
facets	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
from	O
both	O
social	O
and	O
technical	O
perspectives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Society	O
for	O
Socially	O
Embedded	O
Technologies	O
sponsors	O
the	O
European	O
Conference	O
on	O
Computer	B-Protocol
Supported	I-Protocol
Cooperative	I-Protocol
Work	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
held	O
every	O
two	O
years	O
since	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSCW	B-Protocol
panels	O
are	O
a	O
regular	O
component	O
of	O
conferences	O
of	O
the	O
adjacent	O
field	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Studies	O
.	O
</s>
