<s>
Computer-aided	B-Application
software	I-Application
engineering	I-Application
(	O
CASE	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
software	O
tools	O
used	O
to	O
design	O
and	O
implement	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CASE	O
tools	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
and	O
were	O
partly	O
inspired	O
by	O
Computer-Aided	B-Application
Design	I-Application
(	O
CAD	B-Application
)	O
tools	O
used	O
for	O
designing	O
hardware	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
major	O
thread	O
emerged	O
as	O
a	O
logical	O
extension	O
to	O
the	O
data	B-Application
dictionary	I-Application
of	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
"	O
active	O
dictionary	O
"	O
became	O
the	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
modern	O
model-driven	B-Language
engineering	I-Language
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
DesignAid	O
ran	O
on	O
Convergent	O
Technologies	O
and	O
later	O
Burroughs	O
Ngen	O
networked	O
microcomputers	O
,	O
Index	O
launched	O
Excelerator	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
PC/AT	I-Operating_System
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hot	O
on	O
the	O
heels	O
of	O
Excelerator	O
were	O
a	O
rash	O
of	O
offerings	O
from	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Knowledgeware	O
(	O
James	O
Martin	O
,	O
Fran	O
Tarkenton	O
and	O
Don	O
Addington	O
)	O
,	O
Texas	O
Instrument	O
's	O
CA	B-Application
Gen	I-Application
and	O
Andersen	O
Consulting	O
's	O
FOUNDATION	O
toolset	O
(	O
DESIGN/1	O
,	O
INSTALL/1	O
,	O
FCP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
IBM	O
had	O
proposed	O
AD/Cycle	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
an	O
alliance	O
of	O
software	O
vendors	O
centered	O
on	O
IBM	O
's	O
Software	B-Application
repository	I-Application
using	O
IBM	B-Application
DB2	I-Application
in	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
and	O
OS/2:The	O
application	O
development	O
tools	O
can	O
be	O
from	O
several	O
sources	O
:	O
from	O
IBM	O
,	O
from	O
vendors	O
,	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
customers	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
decline	O
of	O
the	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
,	O
AD/Cycle	O
and	O
the	O
Big	O
CASE	O
tools	O
died	O
off	O
,	O
opening	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
the	O
mainstream	O
CASE	O
tools	O
of	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
these	O
diverse	O
tool	O
sets	O
and	O
methods	O
were	O
consolidated	O
via	O
standards	O
led	O
by	O
the	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
(	O
OMG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OMG	O
's	O
Unified	B-Language
Modelling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
is	O
currently	O
widely	O
accepted	O
as	O
the	O
industry	O
standard	O
for	O
object-oriented	O
modeling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verification	B-Application
and	I-Application
validation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
E.g.	O
,	O
SCCS	B-Device
,	O
IISE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
support	O
traditional	O
diagrammatic	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
ER	B-Architecture
diagrams	I-Architecture
,	O
Data	B-Application
flow	I-Application
diagram	I-Application
,	O
Structure	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
Decision	B-Algorithm
Trees	I-Algorithm
,	O
Decision	O
tables	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
workbench	O
is	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
programming	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
environments	O
are	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
4GL	O
standing	O
for	O
fourth	O
generation	O
language	O
environments	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
early	O
environments	O
were	O
designed	O
around	O
specific	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
integrated	O
software	B-Application
repository	I-Application
was	O
the	O
defining	O
feature	O
for	O
these	O
kinds	O
of	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
for	O
example	O
was	O
a	O
programming	O
workbench	O
but	O
was	O
also	O
considered	O
a	O
4GL	O
environment	O
by	O
many	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
significant	O
risk	O
factors	O
for	O
organizations	O
adopting	O
CASE	B-Application
technology	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
before	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
UML	B-Language
standard	O
the	O
diagram	O
conventions	O
and	O
methods	O
for	O
designing	O
object-oriented	O
models	O
were	O
vastly	O
different	O
among	O
followers	O
of	O
Jacobsen	O
,	O
Booch	O
,	O
and	O
Rumbaugh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proponents	O
of	O
CASE	B-Application
technology	I-Application
—	O
especially	O
vendors	O
marketing	O
expensive	O
tool	O
sets	O
—	O
often	O
hype	O
expectations	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
approach	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
silver	O
bullet	O
that	O
solves	O
all	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
