<s>
Computational	B-Algorithm
statistics	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
the	O
bond	O
between	O
statistics	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
traditional	O
statistics	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
transform	O
raw	O
data	O
into	O
knowledge	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
focus	O
lies	O
on	O
computer	O
intensive	O
statistical	O
methods	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cases	O
with	O
very	O
large	O
sample	O
size	O
and	O
non-homogeneous	O
data	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
'	O
computational	B-Algorithm
statistics	I-Algorithm
 '	O
and	O
'	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
 '	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
,	O
although	O
Carlo	O
Lauro	O
(	O
a	O
former	O
president	O
of	O
the	O
International	O
Association	O
for	O
Statistical	B-Algorithm
Computing	I-Algorithm
)	O
proposed	O
making	O
a	O
distinction	O
,	O
defining	O
'	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
 '	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
to	O
statistics	O
"	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
bootstrap	B-Application
,	O
simulation	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
analytically	O
intractable	O
problems	O
"	O
 [ sic ] 	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
'	O
Computational	B-Algorithm
statistics	I-Algorithm
 '	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
computationally	O
intensive	O
statistical	O
methods	O
including	O
resampling	B-General_Concept
methods	O
,	O
Markov	B-General_Concept
chain	I-General_Concept
Monte	I-General_Concept
Carlo	I-General_Concept
methods	I-General_Concept
,	O
local	O
regression	O
,	O
kernel	B-General_Concept
density	I-General_Concept
estimation	I-General_Concept
,	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
and	O
generalized	O
additive	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
computational	B-Algorithm
statistics	I-Algorithm
is	O
widely	O
used	O
today	O
,	O
it	O
actually	O
has	O
a	O
relatively	O
short	O
history	O
of	O
acceptance	O
in	O
the	O
statistics	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hermann	O
Hollerith	O
’s	O
machine	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
tabulating	O
machine	O
,	O
was	O
an	O
electromechanical	O
machine	O
designed	O
to	O
assist	O
in	O
summarizing	O
information	O
stored	O
on	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
invention	O
of	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
tabulating	O
machine	O
was	O
patented	O
in	O
1884	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
1890	O
Census	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
marks	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
of	O
mechanized	O
computational	B-Algorithm
statistics	I-Algorithm
and	O
semiautomatic	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1908	O
,	O
William	O
Sealy	O
Gosset	O
performed	O
his	O
now	O
well-known	O
Monte	B-Algorithm
Carlo	I-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
simulation	I-Algorithm
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
the	O
Student	O
’s	O
t-distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
has	O
revolutionized	O
simulation	B-Algorithm
and	O
has	O
made	O
the	O
replication	O
of	O
Gosset	O
’s	O
experiment	O
little	O
more	O
than	O
an	O
exercise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
on	O
,	O
the	O
scientists	O
put	O
forward	O
computational	O
ways	O
of	O
generating	O
pseudo-random	B-Error_Name
deviates	O
,	O
performed	O
methods	O
to	O
convert	O
uniform	O
deviates	O
into	O
other	O
distributional	O
forms	O
using	O
inverse	O
cumulative	O
distribution	O
function	O
or	O
acceptance-rejection	O
methods	O
,	O
and	O
developed	O
state-space	O
methodology	O
for	O
Markov	B-General_Concept
chain	I-General_Concept
Monte	I-General_Concept
Carlo	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tables	O
produced	O
were	O
published	O
as	O
a	O
book	O
in	O
1955	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
as	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
punch	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monte	B-Application
Carlo	I-Application
a	O
statistical	O
method	O
relies	O
on	O
repeated	O
random	O
sampling	O
to	O
obtain	O
numerical	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monte	B-Algorithm
Carlo	I-Algorithm
methods	I-Algorithm
are	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
three	O
problem	O
classes	O
:	O
optimization	O
,	O
numerical	B-Algorithm
integration	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
generating	O
draws	O
from	O
a	O
probability	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Markov	B-General_Concept
chain	I-General_Concept
Monte	I-General_Concept
Carlo	I-General_Concept
method	I-General_Concept
creates	O
samples	O
from	O
a	O
continuous	O
random	O
variable	O
,	O
with	O
probability	O
density	O
proportional	O
to	O
a	O
known	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
