<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
intersection	O
between	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
political	I-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
examples	O
of	O
such	O
works	O
are	O
building	O
a	O
classifier	B-General_Concept
to	O
predict	O
users	O
 '	O
political	O
bias	O
in	O
social	O
media	O
or	O
finding	O
political	O
bias	O
in	O
the	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
focus	O
of	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
is	O
on	O
political	O
related	O
problems	O
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
political	O
campaigns	O
to	O
target	O
individuals	O
for	O
advertising	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
clearly	O
defined	O
data	O
source	O
for	O
research	O
done	O
in	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
sources	O
are	O
social	O
networking	O
websites	O
and	O
political	O
debate	O
transcripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
methods	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
text-based	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
text	O
from	O
social	O
media	O
posts	O
and	O
political	O
debate	O
transcripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discipline	O
of	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
has	O
emerged	O
with	O
growing	O
use	O
of	O
social	O
media	O
and	O
recent	O
breakthroughs	O
in	O
computational	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	O
media	O
has	O
provided	O
scientific	O
researchers	O
and	O
campaign	O
strategists	O
with	O
an	O
unprecedented	O
scale	O
of	O
latent	O
,	O
user-generated	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
recent	O
developments	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
to	O
store	O
and	O
manage	O
large	O
collections	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
represents	O
a	O
large	O
shift	O
in	O
political	O
science	O
research	O
,	O
as	O
lots	O
of	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
efficiently	O
collected	O
on	O
individuals	O
rather	O
than	O
aggregates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
political	O
campaigns	O
to	O
use	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
was	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
's	O
2012	O
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Campaign	O
strategies	O
relating	O
to	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
met	O
with	O
criticism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
these	O
researchers	O
,	O
the	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
nature	O
of	O
the	O
algorithms	O
that	O
handle	O
voter	O
data	O
exacerbate	O
this	O
issue	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
understand	O
how	O
data	O
is	O
being	O
processed	O
by	O
the	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zeynep	O
Tufecki	O
,	O
professor	O
and	O
sociologist	O
,	O
believes	O
the	O
information	O
asymmetry	O
caused	O
by	O
recent	O
developments	O
in	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
will	O
harm	O
political	O
discourse	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
sphere	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
interactions	O
between	O
political	O
campaigns	O
and	O
voters	O
,	O
as	O
ideas	O
may	O
be	O
weighted	O
less	O
heavily	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
merit	O
and	O
more	O
heavily	O
based	O
on	O
who	O
presents	O
the	O
idea	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
information	O
political	O
campaigns	O
have	O
on	O
their	O
potential	O
voters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
researchers	O
also	O
address	O
the	O
issues	O
of	O
discrimination	O
that	O
are	O
rising	O
with	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
individuals	O
who	O
are	O
predicted	O
by	O
models	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
likely	O
to	O
vote	O
could	O
be	O
ignored	O
in	O
political	O
marketing	O
and	O
outreach	O
entirely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solo	O
points	O
out	O
that	O
a	O
positive	O
aspect	O
of	O
computational	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
lead	O
to	O
a	O
more	O
efficient	O
use	O
of	O
spending	O
in	O
political	O
campaigns	O
.	O
</s>
