<s>
Computational	B-Algorithm
particle	I-Algorithm
physics	I-Algorithm
refers	O
to	O
the	O
methods	O
and	O
computing	O
tools	O
developed	O
in	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
particle	O
physics	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
fields	O
of	O
computational	B-Algorithm
particle	I-Algorithm
physics	I-Algorithm
are	O
:	O
lattice	O
field	O
theory	O
(	O
numerical	O
computations	O
)	O
,	O
automatic	B-Application
calculation	I-Application
of	I-Application
particle	I-Application
interaction	I-Application
or	I-Application
decay	I-Application
(	O
computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
event	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
(	O
stochastic	O
methods	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
:	O
Many	O
of	O
the	O
computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
languages	O
were	O
developed	O
initially	O
to	O
help	O
particle	O
physics	O
calculations	O
:	O
Reduce	B-Language
,	O
Mathematica	B-Language
,	O
Schoonschip	B-Application
,	O
Form	B-Language
,	O
GiNaC	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
The	O
largest	O
planned	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
grid	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
will	O
be	O
for	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
LHC	O
-	O
produced	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
software	O
packages	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
support	O
this	O
application	O
like	O
the	O
LHC	O
Computing	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
(	O
LCG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Library
Libraries	I-Library
:	O
Many	O
software	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
are	O
used	O
for	O
particle	O
physics	O
computations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
important	O
are	O
packages	O
that	O
simulate	O
particle	O
physics	O
interactions	O
using	O
Monte	B-Algorithm
Carlo	I-Algorithm
simulation	I-Algorithm
techniques	I-Algorithm
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
event	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Particle	O
physics	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
field	O
of	O
application	O
for	O
computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
and	O
exploits	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Algebra	I-General_Concept
Systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Looking	O
at	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
first	O
programs	O
date	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
systems	O
were	O
almost	O
entirely	O
based	O
on	O
LISP	B-Language
(	O
"	O
LISt	O
Programming	O
language	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LISP	B-Language
is	O
an	O
interpreted	B-Application
language	I-Application
and	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
already	O
indicates	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
manipulation	O
of	O
lists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
importance	O
for	O
symbolic	B-Algorithm
computer	I-Algorithm
programs	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
has	O
been	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
FORTRAN	O
for	O
numerical	O
programs	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Already	O
in	O
this	O
first	O
period	O
,	O
the	O
program	O
REDUCE	B-Language
had	O
some	O
special	O
features	O
for	O
the	O
application	O
to	O
high	O
energy	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
exception	O
to	O
the	O
LISP-based	O
programs	O
was	O
SCHOONSHIP	B-Application
,	O
written	O
in	O
assembler	B-Language
language	I-Language
by	O
Martinus	O
J	O
.	O
G	O
.	O
Veltman	O
and	O
specially	O
designed	O
for	O
applications	O
in	O
particle	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
assembler	B-Language
code	I-Language
lead	O
to	O
an	O
incredible	O
fast	O
program	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
interpreted	O
programs	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
)	O
and	O
allowed	O
the	O
calculation	O
of	O
more	O
complex	O
scattering	O
processes	O
in	O
high	O
energy	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
the	O
program	O
MACSYMA	B-Language
deserves	O
to	O
be	O
mentioned	O
explicitly	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
triggered	O
important	O
development	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
new	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
started	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
This	O
enabled	O
the	O
better	O
exploitation	O
of	O
the	O
resources	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
computer	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
interpreted	B-Application
language	I-Application
LISP	B-Language
)	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
allowed	O
to	O
maintain	O
portability	B-Architecture
(	O
which	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
possible	O
in	O
assembler	B-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
period	O
marked	O
also	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
among	O
which	O
Mathematica	B-Language
and	O
Maple	B-Language
are	O
the	O
best	O
known	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
also	O
a	O
few	O
dedicated	O
programs	O
appeared	O
,	O
an	O
example	O
relevant	O
to	O
particle	O
physics	O
is	O
the	O
program	O
FORM	B-Language
by	O
J	O
.	O
Vermaseren	O
as	O
a	O
(	O
portable	O
)	O
successor	O
to	O
SCHOONSHIP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
issues	O
of	O
the	O
maintainability	O
of	O
large	O
projects	O
became	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
important	O
and	O
the	O
overall	O
programming	O
paradigma	O
changed	O
from	O
procedural	B-Application
programming	I-Application
to	O
object-oriented	B-Language
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
programming	O
languages	O
this	O
was	O
reflected	O
by	O
a	O
move	O
from	O
C	B-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
this	O
change	O
of	O
paradigma	O
,	O
the	O
library	O
GiNaC	B-Language
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GiNac	B-Language
library	O
allows	O
symbolic	B-Algorithm
calculations	I-Algorithm
in	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
generation	O
for	O
computer	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
this	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
LQCD	O
researchers	O
have	O
pioneered	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
in	O
large	O
scientific	O
applications	O
,	O
using	O
virtually	O
all	O
available	O
computing	O
systems	O
including	O
traditional	O
main-frames	O
,	O
large	O
PC	B-Architecture
clusters	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
high-performance	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
benchmark	O
for	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
Blue	I-Operating_System
Gene	I-Operating_System
supercomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
