<s>
The	O
expression	O
computational	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
CI	O
)	O
usually	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
to	O
learn	O
a	O
specific	O
task	O
from	O
data	O
or	O
experimental	O
observation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
it	O
is	O
commonly	O
considered	O
a	O
synonym	O
of	O
soft	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
is	O
still	O
no	O
commonly	O
accepted	O
definition	O
of	O
computational	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
computational	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
nature-inspired	O
computational	O
methodologies	O
and	O
approaches	O
to	O
address	O
complex	O
real-world	O
problems	O
to	O
which	O
mathematical	O
or	O
traditional	O
modelling	O
can	O
be	O
useless	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
reasons	O
:	O
the	O
processes	O
might	O
be	O
too	O
complex	O
for	O
mathematical	O
reasoning	O
,	O
it	O
might	O
contain	O
some	O
uncertainties	O
during	O
the	O
process	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
process	O
might	O
simply	O
be	O
stochastic	O
in	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
therefore	O
provides	O
solutions	O
for	O
such	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
which	O
enables	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
understand	B-General_Concept
natural	I-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
,	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
which	O
permits	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
learn	O
experiential	O
data	O
by	O
operating	O
like	O
the	O
biological	O
one	O
,	O
evolutionary	O
computing	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
natural	O
selection	O
,	O
learning	O
theory	O
,	O
and	O
probabilistic	O
methods	O
which	O
helps	O
dealing	O
with	O
uncertainty	O
imprecision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Except	O
those	O
main	O
principles	O
,	O
currently	O
popular	O
approaches	O
include	O
biologically	O
inspired	O
algorithms	O
such	O
as	O
swarm	B-Architecture
intelligence	I-Architecture
and	O
artificial	B-Algorithm
immune	I-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
natural	O
language	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
which	O
tends	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
although	O
both	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
CI	O
)	O
and	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
seek	O
similar	O
goals	O
,	O
there	O
's	O
a	O
clear	O
distinction	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
thus	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
performing	O
like	O
human	O
beings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
notion	O
of	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Neural	B-General_Concept
Networks	I-General_Concept
Council	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
Council	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
researchers	O
interested	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
biological	O
and	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
21	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Neural	B-General_Concept
Networks	I-General_Concept
Council	O
became	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Neural	B-General_Concept
Networks	I-General_Concept
Society	O
,	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
Society	O
two	O
years	O
later	O
by	O
including	O
new	O
areas	O
of	O
interest	O
such	O
as	O
fuzzy	O
systems	O
and	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
related	O
to	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
in	O
2011	O
(	O
Dote	O
and	O
Ovaska	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
the	O
first	O
clear	O
definition	O
of	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Bezdek	O
in	O
1994	O
:	O
a	O
system	O
is	O
called	O
computationally	O
intelligent	O
if	O
it	O
deals	O
with	O
low-level	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
numerical	O
data	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
pattern-recognition	O
component	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
knowledge	O
in	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
sense	O
,	O
and	O
additionally	O
when	O
it	O
begins	O
to	O
exhibit	O
computational	O
adaptively	O
,	O
fault	O
tolerance	O
,	O
speed	O
approaching	O
human-like	O
turnaround	O
and	O
error	O
rates	O
that	O
approximate	O
human	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bezdek	O
and	O
Marks	O
(	O
1993	O
)	O
clearly	O
differentiated	O
CI	O
from	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
by	O
arguing	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
one	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
soft	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
methods	O
,	O
whereas	O
AI	B-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
hard	O
computing	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
and	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
seek	O
a	O
similar	O
long-term	O
goal	O
:	O
reach	O
general	O
intelligence	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
intelligence	O
of	O
a	O
machine	O
that	O
could	O
perform	O
any	O
intellectual	O
task	O
that	O
a	O
human	O
being	O
can	O
;	O
there	O
's	O
a	O
clear	O
difference	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Bezdek	O
(	O
1994	O
)	O
,	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
machine	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
:	O
the	O
artificial	O
one	O
based	O
on	O
hard	O
computing	O
techniques	O
and	O
the	O
computational	O
one	O
based	O
on	O
soft	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
methods	O
,	O
which	O
enable	O
adaptation	O
to	O
many	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soft	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
can	O
be	O
useful	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crisp	O
logic	O
is	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
principles	O
and	O
consists	O
of	O
either	O
including	O
an	O
element	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
,	O
or	O
not	O
,	O
whereas	O
fuzzy	O
systems	O
(	O
CI	O
)	O
enable	O
elements	O
to	O
be	O
partially	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
applications	O
of	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
include	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
engineering	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
bio-medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
face	O
incompleteness	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
importantly	O
ignorance	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
process	O
model	O
,	O
contrarily	O
to	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
,	O
which	O
requires	O
exact	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
tends	O
to	O
apply	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
domains	O
such	O
as	O
control	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
decision	O
making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
why	O
CI	O
experts	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
based	O
on	O
the	O
biological	B-General_Concept
ones	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
by	O
3	O
main	O
components	O
:	O
the	O
cell-body	O
which	O
processes	O
the	O
information	O
,	O
the	O
axon	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
device	O
enabling	O
the	O
signal	O
conducting	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
synapse	O
,	O
which	O
controls	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
are	O
doted	O
of	O
distributed	O
information	O
processing	O
systems	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
process	O
and	O
the	O
learning	O
from	O
experiential	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerning	O
its	O
applications	O
,	O
neural	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
classified	O
into	O
five	O
groups	O
:	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
classification	O
,	O
associative	O
memory	O
,	O
clustering	O
generation	O
of	O
patterns	O
and	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
neural	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
share	O
with	O
the	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
ones	O
the	O
advantage	O
of	O
enabling	O
data	B-Algorithm
clustering	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
other	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
evolution	O
strategy	O
,	O
and	O
evolutionary	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
which	O
are	O
seen	O
as	O
problem	O
solvers	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
bibliometrics	O
studies	O
,	O
computational	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
plays	O
a	O
key	O
role	O
in	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
major	O
academic	O
publishers	O
are	O
accepting	O
manuscripts	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
Fuzzy	O
logic	O
,	O
neural	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
and	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
is	O
discussed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
n't	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
university	O
curriculum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
existing	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
courses	O
are	O
so	O
complex	O
,	O
that	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
semester	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
room	O
for	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
it	O
is	O
taught	O
as	O
a	O
subproject	O
in	O
existing	O
introduction	O
courses	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
the	O
universities	O
are	O
preferring	O
courses	O
about	O
classical	O
AI	B-Application
concepts	O
based	O
on	O
boolean	O
logic	O
,	O
turing	O
machines	O
and	O
toy	O
problems	O
like	O
blocks	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
