<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
emerging	O
discipline	O
that	O
deals	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
application	O
of	O
computational	B-Application
models	I-Application
for	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
various	O
different	O
approaches	O
are	O
summarized	O
under	O
the	O
term	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
using	O
computational	O
geometry	O
and	O
virtual	O
design	O
for	O
engineering	O
tasks	O
,	O
often	O
coupled	O
with	O
a	O
simulation-driven	O
approach	O
In	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
algorithms	O
solve	O
mathematical	O
and	O
logical	O
models	O
that	O
describe	O
engineering	O
challenges	O
,	O
sometimes	O
coupled	O
with	O
some	O
aspect	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
specifically	O
Reinforcement	O
Learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
the	O
engineer	O
encodes	O
their	O
knowledge	O
using	O
logical	O
structuring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulations	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
physical	I-Algorithm
behaviors	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
,	O
often	O
coupled	O
with	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
to	O
solve	O
complex	O
physical	O
problems	O
arising	O
in	O
engineering	O
analysis	O
and	O
design	O
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
natural	O
phenomena	O
(	O
computational	O
science	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
therefore	O
related	O
to	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
third	O
mode	O
of	O
discovery	O
"	O
(	O
next	O
to	O
theory	O
and	O
experimentation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
computer	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
provides	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
create	O
feedback	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
inaccessible	O
to	O
traditional	O
experimentation	O
or	O
where	O
carrying	O
out	O
traditional	O
empirical	O
inquiries	O
is	O
prohibitively	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
should	O
neither	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
pure	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
nor	O
with	O
computer	O
engineering	O
,	O
although	O
a	O
wide	O
domain	O
in	O
the	O
former	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
certain	O
algorithms	O
,	O
data	O
structures	O
,	O
parallel	O
programming	O
,	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
)	O
and	O
some	O
problems	O
in	O
the	O
latter	O
can	O
be	O
modeled	O
and	O
solved	O
with	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
methods	O
(	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
area	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
methods	O
and	O
frameworks	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
High	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
techniques	O
to	O
gain	O
efficiency	O
(	O
through	O
change	O
in	O
computer	O
architecture	O
,	O
parallel	O
algorithms	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
regard	O
to	O
computing	O
,	O
computer	O
programming	O
,	O
algorithms	O
,	O
and	O
parallel	O
computing	O
play	O
a	O
major	O
role	O
in	O
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
programming	O
language	O
in	O
the	O
scientific	O
community	O
is	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
C	O
have	O
increased	O
in	O
popularity	O
over	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
wealth	O
of	O
legacy	O
code	O
in	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
and	O
its	O
simpler	O
syntax	O
,	O
the	O
scientific	O
computing	O
community	O
has	O
been	O
slow	O
in	O
completely	O
adopting	O
C++	B-Language
as	O
the	O
lingua	O
franca	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
its	O
very	O
natural	O
way	O
of	O
expressing	O
mathematical	O
computations	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
built-in	O
visualization	O
capacities	O
,	O
the	O
proprietary	O
language/environment	O
MATLAB	B-Language
is	O
also	O
widely	O
used	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
and	O
model	O
verification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Python	B-Language
along	O
with	O
external	O
libraries	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
NumPy	B-Application
,	O
SciPy	B-Application
,	O
Matplotlib	B-Language
)	O
has	O
gained	O
some	O
popularity	O
as	O
a	O
free	O
and	O
Copycenter	B-License
alternative	O
to	O
MATLAB	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computational	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
finds	O
diverse	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
in	O
:	O
</s>
