<s>
Computational	B-Algorithm
cybernetics	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
cybernetics	O
and	O
computational	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
term	O
Cybernetics	O
entered	O
the	O
technical	O
lexicon	O
in	O
the	O
1940s	O
and	O
1950s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
informally	O
as	O
a	O
popular	O
noun	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
when	O
it	O
became	O
associated	O
with	O
computers	O
,	O
robotics	O
,	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
and	O
Science	O
fiction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
promise	O
of	O
cybernetics	O
was	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
revolutionise	O
the	O
mathematical	O
biologies	O
(	O
a	O
blanket	O
term	O
that	O
includes	O
some	O
kinds	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
by	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
closed	O
loop	O
semantics	O
rather	O
than	O
open	O
loop	O
mathematics	O
to	O
describe	O
and	O
control	O
living	O
systems	O
and	O
biological	O
process	O
behaviours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
‘	O
philosophical’	O
treatments	O
of	O
cybernetics	O
are	O
common	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
biosciences	O
,	O
computational	B-Algorithm
cybernetics	I-Algorithm
has	O
failed	O
to	O
gain	O
traction	O
in	O
mainstream	O
engineering	O
and	O
graduate	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Cybernetics	O
is	O
primarily	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
computational	B-Algorithm
cybernetics	I-Algorithm
focuses	O
on	O
their	O
automatic	O
(	O
complex	O
,	O
autonomic	O
,	O
flexible	O
,	O
adaptive	O
)	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
computational	B-Algorithm
cybernetics	I-Algorithm
covers	O
not	O
only	O
mechanical	O
,	O
but	O
biological	O
(	O
living	O
)	O
,	O
social	O
and	O
economical	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
this	O
goal	O
,	O
it	O
uses	O
research	O
from	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
communication	O
theory	O
,	O
signal	O
processing	O
,	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
,	O
control	O
theory	O
,	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
adaptive	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
complex	O
systems	O
(	O
game	O
theory	O
,	O
and	O
operational	O
research	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	O
,	O
a	O
professional	O
organization	O
for	O
the	O
advancement	O
of	O
technology	O
,	O
has	O
organized	O
two	O
international	O
conferences	O
focusing	O
on	O
computational	B-Algorithm
cybernetics	I-Algorithm
in	O
2008	O
and	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
