<s>
A	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comparison	O
of	O
system	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
can	O
provide	O
insight	O
into	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
architectural	O
choices	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
developers	O
of	O
particular	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
tables	O
compare	O
general	O
and	O
technical	O
information	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
widely	O
used	O
and	O
currently	O
available	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernels	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
there	O
are	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
and	O
variety	O
of	O
available	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
,	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
are	O
grouped	O
under	O
a	O
single	O
entry	O
in	O
these	O
tables	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
differences	O
among	O
them	O
being	O
of	O
the	O
patch	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
comparison	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
for	O
a	O
detailed	O
comparison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
that	O
have	O
highly	O
modified	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
—	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
kernels	B-Operating_System
—	O
should	O
be	O
listed	O
separately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
minor	O
BSD	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
at	O
comparison	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
BSD	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tables	O
specifically	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
subjective	O
viewpoints	O
on	O
the	O
merits	O
of	O
each	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
or	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
contemporary	O
general-purpose	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
are	O
shown	O
in	O
comparison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Operating_System
name	O
Programming	O
language	O
Used	O
in	O
Creator	O
Executableformat(also seesectionbelow )	O
Type	O
Integrated	O
firewall	B-Application
SMP	B-Operating_System
support	O
Multiple	O
architecturesupport(also seesection below )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multitasking	B-Operating_System
Virtualization	B-Application
Security	O
Profiling/Debugging	O
Soft	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
support	O
Hard	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
support	O
Can	O
keep	O
RTC	O
in	O
UTIBM	O
PC	O
Real	O
Time	O
Clock	O
should	O
run	O
in	O
UT	O
Amiga	B-Operating_System
Exec	I-Operating_System
AmigaOS	B-Application
Commodore	O
International	O
HUNK	O
Exokernel	B-Operating_System
(	O
atypical	O
)	O
The	O
Amiga	O
hardware	O
lacked	O
support	O
for	O
memory	O
protection	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
strong	O
isolation	O
goals	O
of	O
the	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
design	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
achieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Operating_System
Exec	I-Operating_System
SG	O
(	O
2nd	O
Generation	O
)	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
Hyperion	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	I-Operating_System
ELF/HUNK	O
Exokernel	B-Operating_System
(	O
atypical	O
)	O
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
kernel	I-Application
C	B-Language
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
Matt	O
Dillon	O
ELF	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
C	B-Language
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Gentoo/FreeBSD	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Orbis	B-Device
OS	I-Device
The	B-Operating_System
FreeBSD	I-Operating_System
Project	I-Operating_System
ELF	O
,	O
others	O
-	O
platform	O
dependent	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
C	B-Language
GNU/Hurd	B-Operating_System
(	O
Arch	O
Hurd	B-Application
,	O
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Operating_System
)	O
GNU	O
Project/Free	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
ELF	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
Mach	I-Operating_System
C	B-Language
part	O
of	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
,	O
used	O
in	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Operating_System
GNU	O
Project/Free	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
ELF	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
Inferno	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
Inferno	B-Operating_System
Bell	O
Labs	O
/	O
Vita	O
Nuova	O
Holdings	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
L4	B-Operating_System
L4	B-Operating_System
Jochen	O
Liedtke	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
CLinux	O
(	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Ubuntu	O
,	O
CentOS	O
,	O
webOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
Fire	O
OS	O
,	O
Firefox	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
Syllable	O
Server	O
,	O
Mastodon	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
OpenBSD/Linux	O
,	O
Plan	O
9/Linux	O
,	O
Sailfish	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Tizen	B-Application
,	O
amongst	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
ELF	O
,	O
others	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
Compute	B-Application
Node	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
Compute	B-Application
Node	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
Cray	O
Inc	O
.	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
C	B-Language
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
and	O
OPENSTEP	O
for	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
and	O
Tru64	B-Operating_System
UNIX	I-Operating_System
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
Mach-O	B-Operating_System
microkernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
kernel	I-Application
C	B-Language
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
Andrew	O
S	O
.	O
Tanenbaum	O
ELF	O
,	O
Supports	O
ELF	O
since	O
version	O
3.2.0	O
a.outa.out	O
will	O
be	O
phased	O
out	O
in	O
coming	O
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
microkernel	B-Operating_System
MkLinux	B-Application
OSF	B-Application
Research	I-Application
Institute	I-Application
and	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
NetBSD	B-Device
kernel	I-Device
C	B-Language
NetBSD	B-Device
,	O
</s>
<s>
GNU/kNetBSD	O
(	O
Debian	O
GNU/NetBSD	O
)	O
,	O
The	B-Device
NetBSD	I-Device
Project	I-Device
ELF	O
,	O
others	O
-	O
platform	O
dependent	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
,	O
anykernel	B-Application
using	O
rump	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
architecture	B-General_Concept
NetWare	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Novell	B-Application
NLM	I-Application
hybrid	B-Operating_System
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
C	B-Language
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
developers	O
ELF	O
,	O
others	O
-	O
platform	O
dependent	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
OS/2	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
OS/2	B-Application
version	O
2	O
and	O
above	O
IBM	O
LX	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
PowerPC	B-Architecture
version	O
developed	O
but	O
never	O
officially	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plan	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
C	B-Language
Plan	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
from	I-Operating_System
Bell	I-Operating_System
Labs	I-Operating_System
Bell	O
Labs	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
ReactOS	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
C	B-Language
ReactOS	B-Application
ReactOS	B-Application
Foundation	O
PE	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
Rockbox	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
Rockbox	B-Application
The	O
Rockbox	B-Application
Project	O
SunOS	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
C	B-Language
SunOS	B-Operating_System
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
a.out	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
Solaris	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
C	B-Language
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
</s>
<s>
OpenSolaris	B-Operating_System
,	O
</s>
<s>
GNU/kOpenSolaris	O
(	O
Nexenta	O
OS	O
)	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
ELF	O
(	O
32-bit	O
only	O
untilSolaris	O
7	O
in	O
1998	O
)	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
Trix	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
Trix	B-Application
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
a.out	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
kernel	B-Operating_System
C	B-Language
All	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
family	I-Device
systems	O
,	O
2000	B-Application
,	O
XP	B-Application
,	O
2003	B-Application
,	O
Vista	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
Windows	O
Phone	O
8	O
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
8.1	I-Protocol
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Application
11	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Microsoft	O
PE	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
XNU	B-Operating_System
(	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
)	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
macOS	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comparison	O
of	O
OS	O
support	O
for	O
different	O
binary	O
formats	O
(	O
executables	B-Application
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Operating_System
Name	O
a.out	O
ECOFF	B-Operating_System
ELF	O
FDPICELFbinaries(mmu less )	O
flatbinaries(superH )	O
HUNK	O
Mach-O	B-Operating_System
Misc(wrapperbased,likeinterpreters )	O
PE	O
SOM(PA-RISC,HP-UX )	O
NLM	B-Application
PEF	B-Application
DOS	O
COM	O
MZ	O
LE	O
LX	O
NE	O
Amiga	B-Operating_System
Exec	I-Operating_System
AmigaOS	B-Application
up	O
to	O
version	O
3.9	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
ELF	O
format	O
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
executables	B-Application
and	O
libraries	O
through	O
ppc.library	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
PowerUP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
,	O
uses	O
ELF	O
as	O
its	O
native	O
executable	B-Application
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
file	B-Application
systems	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Operating_System
Acorn	B-Device
ADFS	I-Device
Amiga	B-Device
FFS	I-Device
APFS	B-Application
BeFS	B-Language
BFS	B-Application
cramfs	B-Application
EFS	B-Operating_System
ext2	B-Application
ext3	B-Application
ext4	B-Application
F2FS	B-Application
FAT	B-Application
FreeVxFS	O
HFS	B-Application
HFS+	B-Application
HPFS	B-Application
ISO	B-Application
9660	I-Application
JFFS	B-Application
JFFS2	B-Application
JFS	B-Application
MINIX	B-Application
fs	I-Application
NSS	B-Application
NTFS	B-Application
OCFS	B-Application
QNX4	B-Application
FS	I-Application
System	O
V	O
FS	O
UDF	O
UFS	B-Operating_System
XFS	B-Application
ZFS	B-Application
ReiserFS	B-Application
Reiser4	B-Application
Btrfs	B-Operating_System
HAMMER	B-Application
Tux3	B-Application
exFAT	B-Application
ReFS	B-Application
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
kernel	I-Application
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
experimental	O
and	O
dangerous	O
write	O
support	O
write	O
support	O
currently	O
broken	O
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
kernel	I-Application
NetBSD	B-Device
kernel	I-Device
NetWare	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
ReactOS	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
ReactOS	B-Application
Wiki	O
-	O
File	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
additional	O
driver	O
needed	O
-	O
see	O
https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs	O
Solaris	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
kernel	B-Operating_System
additional	O
driver	O
needed	O
-	O
see	O
http://www.fs-driver.org/	O
additional	O
driver	O
needed	O
-	O
see	O
http://www.ext2fsd.com	O
additional	O
driver	O
needed	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
Third	O
party	O
module	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
kernel	B-Operating_System
HP	O
Softbank	O
,	O
ARM	B-Architecture
Holdings	O
Intel	O
MIPS	B-Device
IBM	O
Renesas	O
Electronics	O
Oracle	B-Application
NXP	O
Analog	O
Devices	O
Xilinx	O
Cadence	O
Canon	O
,	O
Axis	O
Comm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Socionext	O
Microchip	O
,	O
Atmel	O
CML	O
,	O
Hyperstone	O
Intel	O
,	O
Altera	O
WDC	O
Sunplus	O
Technology	O
NVIDIA	O
TI	O
VAX	B-Device
Alpha	B-Device
PA-RISC	B-Device
ARM	B-Architecture
x86	B-Operating_System
i960	B-General_Concept
IA-64	B-General_Concept
MIPS	B-Device
PowerPC	B-Architecture
S/390	B-Device
z/Arch	B-Device
H8300	B-Device
M16C	O
M32R	B-Device
78K	B-Device
V850	B-Device
SuperH	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
m68k	B-Device
Blackfin	B-General_Concept
(	O
no-mmu	O
)	O
MicroBlaze	B-Device
Xtensa	O
ETRAX	B-Device
CRIS	I-Device
FR-V	B-General_Concept
MN10300	B-General_Concept
AVR32	B-Device
E1	O
(	O
no-mmu	O
)	O
Nios	B-Device
(	O
no-mmu	O
)	O
Nios	B-Device
II	I-Device
WDC	B-General_Concept
65C816	I-General_Concept
S+core	B-Device
Tilera	B-Architecture
C6X	B-Architecture
mmu	O
no-mmu	O
x86	B-Operating_System
x86-64	O
mmu	O
no-mmu	O
32-bit	O
64-bit	O
mmu	O
no-mmu	O
32-bit	O
64-bit	O
no-mmu	O
mmu	O
no-mmu	O
mmu	O
no-mmu	O
mmu	O
no-mmu	O
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
kernel	I-Application
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
Linux	B-Application
kernel4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only2.6	O
and	O
below	O
only4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only4.12	O
and	O
below	O
only4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only4.16	O
and	O
below	O
only	O
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
kernelIn	O
progressIn	O
progress	O
NetBSD	B-Device
kernelNetBSD	O
Projects	O
-	O
Support	O
for	O
MMU-less	O
systems	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
kernellast	O
supported	O
release	O
5.8	O
Rockbox	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
Solaris	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
kernelNT	O
5.0	O
RC1	O
and	O
below	O
onlyXP	O
and	O
2003-2008	O
R2	O
onlyNT	O
4.0	O
and	O
below	O
onlyNT	O
3.51	O
and	O
NT	B-Device
4.0	I-Device
only	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
XNU	B-Operating_System
SPARTAN	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
FreeRTOS	B-Operating_System
kernelOfficial	O
FreeRTOS	B-Operating_System
Ports	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Operating_System
name	O
Intel	O
NVIDIA	O
AMD	O
ARM	B-Architecture
Qualcomm	O
Imagination	O
Technologies	O
Broadcom	O
VeriSilicon	O
Intel	B-Application
HD/Iris	I-Application
Graphics	I-Application
GeForce/Quadro/Tesla	O
Radeon	O
Mali	O
Adreno	O
PowerVR	O
VideoCore4	O
Vivante	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
The	O
GMA500	O
GPU	O
has	O
a	O
PowerVR	O
in	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
table	O
indicates	O
,	O
for	O
each	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
what	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
 '	O
executable	B-Application
images	O
and	O
device	O
drivers	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
by	O
that	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Operating_System
name	O
Linux	B-Application
Darwin	B-Operating_System
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
NetBSD	B-Device
Solaris	B-Application
OSF/1	B-Operating_System
Amiga	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
SunOS	B-Operating_System
BSD/OS	B-Operating_System
iBCS2	B-Operating_System
systems	O
IRIX	B-Operating_System
Ultrix	B-Operating_System
NDIS	B-Application
SVR4	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
Linux	B-Application
emulation	O
in	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
-	O
2	O
A	O
look	O
inside	O
...	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
NetBSD	B-Device
kernel	I-Device
NetBSD	B-Device
Binary	O
Emulation	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
be	O
usable	O
on	O
some	O
situations	O
like	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
encrypting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
be	O
usable	O
on	O
some	O
situations	O
like	O
compression	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Operating_System
name	O
CMTP	O
HIDP	O
HCRP	O
CAPI	O
PPP	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
Linux	B-Application
macOS	B-Application
XNU	B-Operating_System
Kernel	I-Operating_System
Kernel	B-Operating_System
name	O
ACL	O
SCO	O
LMP	O
HCI	O
L2CAP	O
BNEP	O
RFComm	O
.	O
</s>
