<s>
The	O
merits	O
of	O
digital	B-Algorithm
versus	I-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
were	O
considered	O
by	O
photographers	O
and	O
filmmakers	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
21st	O
century	O
after	O
consumer	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
became	O
widely	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
and	O
digital	O
cinematography	O
have	O
both	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
relative	O
to	O
still	O
film	O
and	O
motion	O
picture	O
film	O
photography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
visual	O
quality	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-Application
photograph	I-Application
can	O
be	O
evaluated	O
in	O
several	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
of	O
an	O
image	O
is	O
related	O
to	O
its	O
spatial	O
resolution	O
and	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
figure	O
of	O
merit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quantity	O
of	O
picture	B-Algorithm
elements	I-Algorithm
(	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
in	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
is	O
usually	O
counted	O
in	O
millions	O
and	O
called	O
"	O
megapixels	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sensor	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
density	O
sets	O
a	O
limit	O
on	O
the	O
final	O
output	O
resolution	O
of	O
images	O
captured	O
with	O
that	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
pattern	I-Algorithm
or	O
other	O
filter	O
on	O
the	O
digital	O
sensor	O
and	O
the	O
image	O
processing	O
algorithm	O
used	O
to	O
interpolate	O
raw	O
sensor	O
data	O
to	O
image	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
36mm	O
×	O
24mm	O
frame	O
of	O
ISO	O
100-speed	O
film	O
was	O
initially	O
estimated	O
to	O
contain	O
the	O
equivalent	O
of	O
20	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
approximately	O
23,000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
square	O
mm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
relatively	O
large	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
imaging	O
area	O
these	O
media	O
provide	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
record	O
higher	O
resolution	O
images	O
than	O
most	O
consumer	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
upon	O
the	O
above	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
density	O
,	O
a	O
medium-format	O
film	O
image	O
can	O
record	O
an	O
equivalent	O
resolution	O
of	O
approximately	O
83	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
60	O
x	O
60	O
mm	O
frame	O
,	O
to	O
125	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
60	O
x	O
90	O
mm	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
large	O
format	O
,	O
4	O
x	O
5	O
inch	O
films	O
can	O
record	O
approximately	O
298.7	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
1,200	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
8	O
x	O
10	O
inch	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shot	O
noise	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
spontaneous	O
fluctuations	O
in	O
detected	O
photocurrents	O
,	O
degrades	O
darker	O
areas	O
of	O
electronic	O
images	O
with	O
random	O
variations	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
color	O
and	O
brightness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
with	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
images	O
taken	O
at	O
higher	O
sensitivity	O
settings	O
show	O
more	O
image	B-Algorithm
noise	I-Algorithm
than	O
those	O
taken	O
at	O
lower	O
sensitivities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
both	O
techniques	O
have	O
inherent	O
noise	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
widely	O
appreciated	O
that	O
for	O
color	O
,	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
has	O
much	O
less	O
noise/grain	O
than	O
film	O
at	O
equivalent	O
sensitivity	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
an	O
edge	O
in	O
image	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noise	O
in	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
can	O
produce	O
color	O
distortion	O
or	O
confetti-like	O
patterns	O
,	O
in	O
indoor	O
lighting	O
typically	O
occurring	O
most	O
severely	O
on	O
the	O
blue	O
component	O
and	O
least	O
severely	O
on	O
the	O
red	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nearly	O
all	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
apply	O
noise	O
reduction	O
to	O
long-exposure	O
photographs	O
to	O
counteract	O
noise	O
due	O
to	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
leakage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
very	O
long	O
exposures	O
,	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
must	O
be	O
operated	O
at	O
low	O
temperatures	O
to	O
prevent	O
noise	O
affecting	O
the	O
final	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
very	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
averaged	O
readings	O
from	O
various	O
image	O
areas	O
vs.	O
fully	O
resolved	O
image	O
information	O
)	O
and	O
may	O
not	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
actually	O
recorded	O
image	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
due	O
to	O
parallax	B-Device
issues	O
,	O
differing	O
sensitivity	O
towards	O
polarization	O
,	O
differing	O
spectral	O
response	O
,	O
differing	O
amplitude	O
response	O
,	O
optical	O
aberrations	O
of	O
optical	O
elements	O
in	O
the	O
sensing	O
system	O
,	O
differing	O
sensitivity	O
towards	O
stray	O
light	O
,	O
or	O
misalignment	O
of	O
the	O
focal	O
plane	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
allow	O
users	O
to	O
capture	O
and	O
analyze	O
image	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
sensor	O
as	O
used	O
for	O
image	O
recording	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Film	O
typically	O
assumes	O
using	O
separate	O
films	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
white	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
of	O
scene	O
(	O
typically	O
in	O
two	O
variants	O
:	O
for	O
sunlight	O
or	O
tungsten	O
lamps	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
usage	O
of	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Banding	B-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
visible	O
in	O
the	O
unusual	O
case	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
obscured	O
by	O
noise	O
,	O
and	O
detail	O
may	O
be	O
lost	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
shadow	O
and	O
highlight	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
manufacturers	O
have	O
made	O
consistent	O
improvements	O
in	O
the	O
dynamic	O
range	O
captured	O
by	O
their	O
products	O
,	O
with	O
modern	O
cameras	O
having	O
over	O
14	O
stops	O
of	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flexibility	O
and	O
convenience	O
are	O
among	O
the	O
reasons	O
for	O
the	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
film	O
is	O
returned	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
photograph	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
incorporate	O
a	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
that	O
allows	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
immediately	O
after	O
capture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
allows	O
colour	O
temperature	O
and	O
sensitivity	O
to	O
be	O
adjusted	O
at	O
each	O
shot	O
,	O
either	O
manually	O
or	O
automatically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
images	O
may	O
be	O
conveniently	O
stored	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
or	O
in	O
off-line	O
storage	O
such	O
as	O
small	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professional-grade	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
can	O
store	O
pictures	O
in	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
,	O
which	O
stores	O
the	O
output	O
from	O
the	O
sensor	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
processing	O
it	O
immediately	O
to	O
form	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
edited	O
in	O
suitable	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
or	O
the	O
GNU	O
program	O
GIMP	B-Application
(	O
which	O
uses	O
dcraw	B-Algorithm
to	O
read	O
raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
)	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
may	O
manipulate	O
certain	O
parameters	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
contrast	O
,	O
sharpness	O
,	O
or	O
colour	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
before	O
producing	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
allows	O
the	O
quick	O
collection	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
quantity	O
of	O
archival	O
documents	O
,	O
bringing	O
convenience	O
,	O
lower	O
cost	O
,	O
and	O
increased	O
flexibility	O
in	O
using	O
the	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
film	O
cameras	O
are	O
not	O
as	O
power-thirsty	O
as	O
modern	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
and	O
can	O
last	O
longer	O
on	O
smaller	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
film	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
capable	O
of	O
much	O
higher	O
speed	O
(	O
sensitivity	O
to	O
light	O
)	O
and	O
can	O
perform	O
better	O
in	O
low	O
light	O
or	O
very	O
short	O
exposures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effective	O
speed	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
can	O
be	O
adjusted	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
film	O
must	O
be	O
changed	O
in	O
a	O
film	O
camera	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dust	O
on	O
the	O
image	O
plane	O
is	O
a	O
constant	O
issue	O
for	O
photographers	O
,	O
and	O
especially	O
so	O
in	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
digital	O
SLRs	O
have	O
systems	O
that	O
remove	O
dust	O
from	O
the	O
sensor	O
by	O
vibrating	O
or	O
knocking	O
it	O
,	O
sometimes	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
software	O
that	O
remembers	O
where	O
dust	O
is	O
located	O
and	O
removes	O
dust-affected	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
from	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compact	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
fitted	O
with	O
fixed	O
lenses	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
harder	O
for	O
dust	O
to	O
get	O
into	O
the	O
image	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
significantly	O
more	O
expensive	O
to	O
purchase	O
than	O
film	O
equivalents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
realm	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
constant	O
state	O
of	O
technological	O
change	O
will	O
cause	O
a	O
digital	O
user	O
to	O
keep	O
upgrading	O
and	O
buying	O
other	O
equipment	O
once	O
their	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
becomes	O
quickly	O
obsolete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
costs	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
include	O
specialized	O
batteries	O
,	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
and	O
long-term	O
data	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
emergence	O
of	O
very	O
high	O
quality	O
phone	O
cameras	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
are	O
making	O
lower	O
end	O
,	O
small	O
sensor	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
redundant	O
,	O
almost	O
as	O
quickly	O
as	O
they	O
grew	O
the	O
decade	O
before	O
in	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
film	O
industry	O
specific	O
arguments	O
in	O
the	O
film	B-Algorithm
vs.	I-Algorithm
digital	I-Algorithm
debate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
digital	O
cinema	O
is	O
displayed	O
in	O
2K	B-General_Concept
or	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
;	O
2K	B-General_Concept
is	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
more	O
resolution	O
than	O
the	O
consumer-oriented	O
1080p	O
HD	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
