<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
comparison	B-Application
of	I-Application
data	I-Application
serialization	I-Application
formats	I-Application
,	O
various	O
ways	O
to	O
convert	O
complex	O
objects	O
to	O
sequences	O
of	O
bits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specification	B-Application
Binary	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Human-readable	B-General_Concept
?	O
</s>
<s>
Schema-IDL	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
Supports	O
zero-copy	O
operations	O
Apache	B-Operating_System
Avro	I-Operating_System
Apache	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
Apache	O
Avro™	O
Specification	B-Application
C	B-Language
,	O
C#	O
,	O
C++	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
Apache	B-General_Concept
Parquet	I-General_Concept
Apache	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
Apache	B-General_Concept
Parquet	I-General_Concept
Java	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
C++	O
ASN.1	B-Protocol
ISO	O
,	O
IEC	O
,	O
ITU-T	O
ISO/IEC	O
8824	O
/	O
ITU-T	O
X.680	B-Protocol
(	O
syntax	O
)	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
8825	O
/	O
ITU-T	O
X.690	O
(	O
encoding	O
rules	O
)	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
X.680	B-Protocol
,	O
X.681	O
,	O
and	O
X.683	O
define	O
syntax	O
and	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bencode	B-Protocol
Bram	O
Cohen	O
(	O
creator	O
)	O
BitTorrent	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
maintainer	O
)	O
Part	O
of	O
BitTorrent	O
protocol	O
specification	B-Application
Binn	B-Protocol
Bernardo	O
Ramos	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
(	O
loosely	O
)	O
Binn	B-Protocol
Specification	B-Application
BSON	B-Protocol
MongoDB	B-Application
JSON	B-General_Concept
BSON	B-Protocol
Specification	B-Application
Cap%27n	O
Proto	O
Kenton	O
Varda	O
Cap'n	O
Proto	O
Encoding	O
Spec	O
CBOR	B-Protocol
Carsten	O
Bormann	O
,	O
P	O
.	O
Hoffman	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
(	O
loosely	O
)	O
RFC	O
8949	O
,	O
through	O
tagging	O
Comma-separated	O
values	O
(	O
CSV	O
)	O
RFC	O
author:Yakov	O
Shafranovich	O
RFC	O
4180(among others )	O
Common	B-Protocol
Data	I-Protocol
Representation	I-Protocol
(	O
CDR	O
)	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
General	B-Operating_System
Inter-ORB	I-Operating_System
Protocol	I-Operating_System
Ada	O
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Cobol	O
,	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Smalltalk	O
D-Bus	B-Language
Message	O
Protocol	O
freedesktop.org	B-Application
D-Bus	B-Language
Specification	B-Application
(	O
Signature	O
strings	O
)	O
Efficient	B-Language
XML	I-Language
Interchange	I-Language
(	O
EXI	O
)	O
W3C	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
Efficient	O
XML	B-Protocol
Efficient	B-Language
XML	I-Language
Interchange	I-Language
(	O
EXI	O
)	O
Format	O
1.0	O
FlatBuffers	B-Protocol
Google	B-Application
Flatbuffers	B-Protocol
GitHub	O
(	O
internal	O
to	O
the	O
buffer	O
)	O
C++	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C#	O
,	O
Go	O
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Rust	O
,	O
JavaScript	O
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Dart	O
,	O
Lua	O
,	O
TypeScript	O
Fast	B-Protocol
Infoset	I-Protocol
ISO	O
,	O
IEC	O
,	O
ITU-T	O
XML	B-Protocol
ITU-T	O
X.891	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
24824-1:2007	O
FHIR	O
Health	O
Level	O
7	O
REST	O
basics	O
Fast	O
Healthcare	O
Interoperability	O
Resources	O
Hapi	O
for	O
FHIR	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
Turtle	O
Ion	B-Protocol
Amazon	B-Application
JSON	B-General_Concept
The	O
Amazon	B-Application
Ion	B-Protocol
Specification	B-Application
C	B-Language
,	O
C#	O
,	O
Go	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	O
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Rust	O
Java	B-Language
serialization	B-Application
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
Java	B-Language
Object	B-Application
Serialization	I-Application
JSON	B-General_Concept
Douglas	O
Crockford	O
JavaScript	B-Language
syntax	I-Language
STD	O
90/RFC	O
8259( 	O
ancillary:RFC	O
6901	O
,	O
RFC	O
6902	O
)	O
,	O
ECMA-404	B-General_Concept
,	O
ISO/IEC	O
21778:2017	O
,	O
but	O
see	O
BSON	B-Protocol
,	O
Smile	B-Protocol
,	O
UBJSON	B-Protocol
(	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
Schema	O
Proposal	O
,	O
ASN.1	B-Protocol
with	O
JER	O
,	O
Kwalify	O
,	O
Rx	O
,	O
Itemscript	O
Schema	O
)	O
,	O
JSON-LD	B-Protocol
(	O
Clarinet	O
,	O
JSONQuery	O
/	O
RQL	O
,	O
JSONPath	O
)	O
,	O
JSON-LD	B-Protocol
MessagePack	B-Protocol
Sadayuki	O
Furuhashi	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
(	O
loosely	O
)	O
MessagePack	B-Protocol
format	O
specification	B-Application
Netstrings	B-Protocol
Dan	O
Bernstein	O
netstrings.txt	O
OGDL	B-Protocol
Rolf	O
Veen	O
Specification	B-Application
OPC-UA	O
Binary	O
OPC	O
Foundation	O
opcfoundation.org	O
OpenDDL	B-Protocol
Eric	O
Lengyel	O
C	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
OpenDDL.org	O
PHP	B-Protocol
serialization	I-Protocol
format	I-Protocol
PHP	B-Application
Group	O
Pickle	B-Library
(	O
Python	B-Language
)	O
Guido	O
van	O
Rossum	O
Python	B-Language
PEP	O
3154	O
–	O
Pickle	B-Library
protocol	O
version	O
4	O
cpython/Lib/pickle.py	O
Property	B-Application
list	I-Application
NeXT	O
(	O
creator	O
)	O
Apple	O
(	O
maintainer	O
)	O
Public	O
DTD	O
for	O
XML	B-Protocol
format	O
Cocoa	O
,	O
CoreFoundation	O
,	O
OpenStep	O
,	O
GnuStep	O
Protocol	B-Protocol
Buffers	I-Protocol
(	O
protobuf	B-Protocol
)	O
Google	B-Application
Developer	O
Guide	O
:	O
Encoding	O
,	O
proto2	O
specification	B-Application
,	O
and	O
proto3	O
specification	B-Application
C++	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C#	O
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Go	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	O
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Dart	O
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
R	O
,	O
Rust	O
,	O
Scala	O
,	O
Swift	O
,	O
Julia	O
,	O
Erlang	O
,	O
D	O
,	O
Haskell	O
,	O
ActionScript	O
,	O
Delphi	O
,	O
Elixir	O
,	O
Elm	O
,	O
Erlang	O
,	O
GopherJS	O
,	O
Haskell	O
,	O
Haxe	O
,	O
JavaScript	O
,	O
Kotlin	O
,	O
Lua	O
,	O
Matlab	O
,	O
Mercurt	O
,	O
OCaml	O
,	O
Prolog	O
,	O
Solidity	O
,	O
Typescript	O
,	O
Vala	O
,	O
Visual	O
Basic	O
John	O
McCarthy	O
(	O
original	O
)	O
Ron	O
Rivest	O
(	O
internet	O
draft	O
)	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
Netstrings	B-Protocol
"	O
S-Expressions	B-Protocol
"	O
Internet	O
Draft	O
,	O
canonical	O
representation	O
,	O
advanced	O
transport	O
representation	O
Smile	B-Protocol
Tatu	O
Saloranta	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
Smile	B-Protocol
Format	O
Specification	B-Application
(	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
Schema	O
Proposal	O
,	O
other	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
schemas/IDLs	O
)	O
(	O
via	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
APIs	B-General_Concept
implemented	O
with	O
Smile	B-Protocol
backend	O
,	O
on	O
Jackson	O
,	O
Python	B-Language
)	O
SOAP	B-Application
W3C	O
XML	B-Protocol
SOAP/1.1SOAP/1.2	O
(	O
,	O
,	O
,	O
MTOM	O
,	O
)	O
Max	O
Wildgrube	O
RFC	O
3072	O
Apache	B-Protocol
Thrift	I-Protocol
Facebook	B-Application
(	O
creator	O
)	O
Apache	O
(	O
maintainer	O
)	O
Original	O
whitepaper	O
C++	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Erlang	O
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Haskell	O
,	O
C#	O
,	O
Cocoa	O
,	O
JavaScript	O
,	O
Node.js	O
,	O
Smalltalk	O
,	O
OCaml	O
,	O
Delphi	O
and	O
other	O
languagesApache	O
Thrift	B-Protocol
UBJSON	B-Protocol
The	O
Buzz	O
Media	O
,	O
LLC	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
,	O
BSON	B-Protocol
ubjson.org	O
eXternal	B-Protocol
Data	I-Protocol
Representation	I-Protocol
(	O
XDR	O
)	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
(	O
creator	O
)	O
IETF	O
(	O
maintainer	O
)	O
STD	O
67/RFC	O
4506	O
XML	B-Protocol
W3C	O
SGML	B-Language
1.0	O
(	O
Fifth	O
Edition	O
)	O
1.1	O
(	O
Second	O
Edition	O
)	O
(	O
,	O
,	O
,	O
)	O
XML-RPC	B-Protocol
Dave	O
Winer	O
XML	B-Protocol
XML-RPC	B-Protocol
Specification	B-Application
YAML	B-Protocol
Clark	B-Protocol
Evans	I-Protocol
,	O
Ingy	O
döt	O
Net	O
,	O
and	O
Oren	O
Ben-Kiki	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Email	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
MIME	B-Protocol
,	O
URI	B-Protocol
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
SAX	B-Application
,	O
SOAP	B-Application
,	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
Version	O
1.2	O
(	O
Kwalify	O
,	O
Rx	O
,	O
built-in	O
language	O
type-defs	O
)	O
Name	O
Creator-maintainer	O
Based	O
on	O
Standardized	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Specification	B-Application
Binary	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Human-readable	B-General_Concept
?	O
</s>
<s>
Schema-IDL	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
to	O
Z	O
"	O
,	O
(	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
)	O
Format	O
Null	O
Boolean	O
true	O
Boolean	O
false	O
Integer	O
Floating-point	B-Algorithm
String	O
Array	O
Associative	O
array/Object	O
OpenDDL	B-Protocol
ref	O
 { null } 	O
bool	O
 { true } 	O
bool	O
 { false } 	O
int32	O
{685230}int32	O
{0x74AE}int32	O
 { 0b111010010101110 } 	O
float	B-Algorithm
 { 6.8523015e+5 } 	O
string	O
{	O
"	O
A	O
to	O
Z	O
"	O
}	O
Homogeneous	O
array	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
</s>
<s>
(	O
1	O
byte	O
)	O
Little-endian	O
2	B-General_Concept
's	I-General_Concept
complement	I-General_Concept
signed	O
and	O
unsigned	O
8/16/32/64	O
bits	O
UTF-8-encoded	O
,	O
preceded	O
by	O
32-bit	O
integer	O
length	O
of	O
string	O
in	O
bytes	O
Vectors	O
of	O
any	O
other	O
type	O
,	O
preceded	O
by	O
32-bit	O
integer	O
length	O
of	O
number	O
of	O
elements	O
Tables	O
(	O
schema	O
defined	O
types	O
)	O
or	O
Vectors	O
sorted	O
by	O
key	O
(	O
maps	O
/	O
dictionaries	B-Application
)	O
IonIon	O
Binary	O
Encoding	O
\x0f	O
\xbx	O
Arbitrary	O
length	O
and	O
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
encoding	O
is	O
unspecified	O
Netstrings	B-Protocol
Not	O
in	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OGDL	B-Protocol
Binary	O
Property	O
list(binary format )	O
Protocol	B-Protocol
Buffers	I-Protocol
UTF-8-encoded	O
,	O
preceded	O
by	O
varint-encoded	O
integer	O
length	O
of	O
string	O
in	O
bytes	O
Repeated	O
value	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
tag	O
or	O
,	O
for	O
varint-encoded	O
integers	O
only	O
,	O
values	O
packed	O
contiguously	O
and	O
prefixed	O
by	O
tag	O
and	O
total	O
byte	O
length	O
Smile	B-Protocol
\x21	O
IEEE	O
single/double	O
,	O
BigDecimal	O
Length-prefixed	O
"	O
short	O
"	O
Strings	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
64	O
bytes	O
)	O
,	O
marker-terminated	O
"	O
long	O
"	O
Strings	O
and	O
(	O
optional	O
)	O
back-references	O
Arbitrary-length	O
heterogenous	O
arrays	O
with	O
end-marker	O
Arbitrary-length	O
key/value	O
pairs	O
with	O
end-marker	O
Structured	B-Protocol
Data	I-Protocol
eXchange	I-Protocol
Formats	I-Protocol
(	O
SDXF	B-Protocol
)	O
Big-endian	O
signed	O
24-bit	O
or	O
32-bit	O
integer	O
Big-endian	O
IEEE	O
double	O
Either	O
UTF-8	O
or	O
ISO	O
8859-1	O
encoded	O
List	O
of	O
elements	O
with	O
identical	O
ID	O
and	O
size	O
,	O
preceded	O
by	O
array	O
header	O
with	O
int16	O
length	O
Chunks	O
can	O
contain	O
other	O
chunks	O
to	O
arbitrary	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
