<s>
The	O
computer	O
programming	O
languages	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
have	O
similar	O
times	O
of	O
origin	O
,	O
influences	O
,	O
and	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Pascal	B-Application
definition	O
appeared	O
in	O
1969	O
and	O
a	O
first	O
compiler	O
in	O
1970	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
C	B-Language
appeared	O
in	O
1972	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
are	O
descendants	O
of	O
the	O
ALGOL	B-Language
language	I-Language
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ALGOL	B-Language
introduced	O
programming	O
language	O
support	O
for	O
structured	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
where	O
programs	O
are	O
constructed	O
of	O
single	O
entry	O
and	O
single	O
exit	O
constructs	O
such	O
as	O
if	O
,	O
while	O
,	O
for	O
and	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
stems	O
directly	O
from	O
ALGOL	B-Language
W	I-Language
,	O
while	O
it	O
shared	O
some	O
new	O
ideas	O
with	O
ALGOL	B-Language
68	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
more	O
indirectly	O
related	O
to	O
ALGOL	B-Language
,	O
originally	O
through	O
B	B-Language
,	O
BCPL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
CPL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
later	O
through	O
ALGOL	B-Language
68	I-Language
(	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
struct	B-Application
and	O
union	O
)	O
and	O
also	O
Pascal	B-Application
(	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
enumerations	B-Language
,	O
const	O
,	O
typedef	B-Language
and	O
booleans	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Pascal	B-Application
dialects	O
also	O
incorporated	O
traits	O
from	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
languages	O
documented	O
here	O
are	O
the	O
Pascal	B-Application
of	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
,	O
as	O
standardized	O
as	O
ISO	B-Application
7185	I-Application
in	O
1982	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
C	B-Language
of	O
Brian	O
Kernighan	O
and	O
Dennis	O
Ritchie	O
,	O
as	O
standardized	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ANSI	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C99	B-Language
(	O
the	O
later	O
C	B-Language
standards	O
)	O
features	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
of	O
later	O
implementations	O
of	O
Pascal	B-Application
(	O
Turbo	B-Application
Pascal	I-Application
,	O
Free	B-Operating_System
Pascal	I-Operating_System
)	O
are	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
comparison	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
improvements	O
in	O
robustness	O
and	O
functionality	O
that	O
they	O
conferred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Syntactically	O
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
is	O
much	O
more	O
ALGOL-like	B-Language
than	O
C	B-Language
.	O
English	O
keywords	O
are	O
retained	O
where	O
C	B-Language
uses	O
punctuation	O
symbols	O
–	O
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
and	O
,	O
or	O
,	O
and	O
mod	O
where	O
C	B-Language
uses	O
&&	O
,	O
||	O
,	O
and	O
%	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
C	B-Language
is	O
more	O
ALGOL-like	B-Language
than	O
Pascal	B-Application
regarding	O
(	O
simple	O
)	O
declarations	O
,	O
retaining	O
the	O
type-name	O
variable-name	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
C	B-Language
can	O
accept	O
declarations	O
at	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
any	O
block	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
the	O
outer	O
block	O
of	O
a	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
semicolons	O
separate	O
individual	O
statements	O
within	O
a	O
compound	O
statement	O
;	O
instead	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
they	O
terminate	O
the	O
statement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
they	O
are	O
also	O
syntactically	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
statement	O
(	O
transforming	O
an	O
expression	O
into	O
a	O
statement	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
traditional	O
C	B-Language
,	O
there	O
are	O
only	O
/	O
*	O
block	O
comments	O
*	O
/	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
only	O
supported	O
by	O
certain	O
Pascal	B-Application
dialects	O
like	O
MIDletPascal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
traditional	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
there	O
are	O
{	O
block	O
comments	O
}	O
and	O
( *	O
block	O
comments	O
*	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
differ	O
in	O
their	O
interpretation	O
of	O
upper	O
and	O
lower	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
is	O
case	O
sensitive	O
while	O
Pascal	B-Application
is	O
not	O
,	O
thus	O
MyLabel	O
and	O
mylabel	O
are	O
distinct	O
names	O
in	O
C	B-Language
but	O
identical	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
the	O
underscore	O
counts	O
as	O
a	O
letter	O
,	O
so	O
even	O
_abc	O
is	O
a	O
valid	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Names	O
with	O
a	O
leading	O
underscore	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
differentiate	O
special	O
system	O
identifiers	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
use	O
keywords	O
(	O
words	O
reserved	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
the	O
language	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
the	O
basic	O
built-in	O
type	O
names	O
are	O
also	O
keywords	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
int	O
,	O
char	O
)	O
or	O
combinations	O
of	O
keywords	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
unsigned	B-Algorithm
char	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
the	O
built-in	O
type	O
names	O
are	O
predefined	O
normal	O
identifiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
procedure	O
definitions	O
start	O
with	O
keywords	O
procedure	O
or	O
function	O
and	O
type	O
definitions	O
with	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
function	O
definitions	O
are	O
determined	O
by	O
syntactical	O
context	O
while	O
type	O
definitions	O
use	O
the	O
keyword	O
typedef	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
languages	O
use	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
keywords	O
and	O
punctuation	O
for	O
definitions	O
of	O
complex	O
types	O
;	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
arrays	O
are	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
keyword	O
array	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
and	O
by	O
punctuation	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
while	O
enumerations	B-Language
are	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
keyword	O
enum	B-Language
in	O
C	B-Language
but	O
by	O
punctuation	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
functions	O
,	O
begin	O
and	O
end	O
delimit	O
a	O
block	O
of	O
statements	O
(	O
proper	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
C	B-Language
functions	O
use	O
"	O
{	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
}	O
"	O
to	O
delimit	O
a	O
block	O
of	O
statements	O
optionally	O
preceded	O
by	O
declarations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
(	O
before	O
C99	B-Language
)	O
strictly	O
defines	O
that	O
any	O
declarations	O
must	O
occur	O
before	O
the	O
statements	O
within	O
a	O
particular	O
block	O
but	O
allows	O
blocks	O
to	O
appear	O
within	O
blocks	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
go	O
around	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
is	O
strict	O
that	O
declarations	O
must	O
occur	O
before	O
statements	O
,	O
but	O
allows	O
definitions	O
of	O
types	O
and	O
functionsnot	O
only	O
variable	O
declarationsto	O
be	O
encapsulated	O
by	O
function	O
definitions	O
to	O
any	O
level	O
of	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
an	O
implementation	O
perspective	O
the	O
main	O
difference	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
languages	O
is	O
that	O
to	O
parse	B-Language
C	B-Language
it	O
is	O
necessary	O
to	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
symbol	O
table	O
for	O
types	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
there	O
is	O
only	O
one	O
such	O
construct	O
,	O
assignment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
C	B-Language
fragment	O
X	O
*	O
Y	O
;	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
declaration	O
of	O
Y	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
object	O
whose	O
type	O
is	O
pointer	O
to	O
X	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
statement-expression	O
that	O
multiplies	O
X	O
and	O
Y	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
corresponding	O
Pascal	B-Application
fragment	O
var	O
Y	O
:	O
^X	O
;	O
is	O
inherently	O
unambiguous	O
;	O
correct	O
parsing	B-Language
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
symbol	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
requires	O
all	O
variable	O
and	O
function	O
declarations	O
to	O
specify	O
their	O
type	O
explicitly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
traditional	O
C	B-Language
,	O
a	O
type	O
name	O
may	O
be	O
omitted	O
in	O
most	O
contexts	O
and	O
the	O
default	O
type	O
int	O
(	O
which	O
corresponds	O
to	O
integer	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
)	O
is	O
then	O
implicitly	O
assumed	O
(	O
however	O
,	O
such	O
defaults	O
are	O
considered	O
bad	O
practice	O
in	O
C	B-Language
and	O
are	O
often	O
flagged	O
by	O
warnings	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
accommodates	O
different	O
sizes	O
and	O
signed	B-Algorithm
and	I-Algorithm
unsigned	I-Algorithm
modes	O
for	O
integers	O
by	O
using	O
modifiers	O
such	O
as	O
long	O
,	O
short	O
,	O
signed	O
,	O
unsigned	B-Algorithm
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
C	B-Language
standard	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
at	O
least	O
minimal	O
sizes	O
of	O
types	O
are	O
specified	O
which	O
guarantees	O
char	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
single	O
byte	B-Application
and	O
int	O
to	O
be	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
bytes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
a	O
similar	O
end	O
is	O
performed	O
by	O
declaring	O
a	O
subrange	O
of	O
integer	O
(	O
a	O
compiler	O
may	O
then	O
choose	O
to	O
allocate	O
a	O
smaller	O
amount	O
of	O
storage	O
for	O
the	O
declared	O
variable	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
subrange	O
feature	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
by	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
,	O
if	O
subtle	O
,	O
difference	O
between	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
is	O
how	O
they	O
promote	O
integer	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
an	O
operation	O
is	O
defined	O
for	O
all	O
integer/subrange	O
types	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
intermediate	O
results	O
do	O
not	O
fit	O
into	O
an	O
integer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
operands	O
must	O
first	O
be	O
promoted	O
to	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
required	O
result	O
:	O
intermediate	O
results	O
are	O
undefined	O
if	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
fit	O
into	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
the	O
promoted	O
operands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
C	B-Language
compiler	O
is	O
never	O
required	O
or	O
expected	O
to	O
handle	O
out	O
of	O
range	O
intermediate	O
results	O
:	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
programmers	O
responsibility	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
all	O
intermediate	O
results	O
fit	O
into	O
the	O
operand	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-Standard	O
implementations	O
of	O
C	B-Language
as	O
well	O
as	O
Small-C	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
the	O
character	O
type	O
is	O
char	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
integer	O
that	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
than	O
short	O
int	O
,	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expressions	O
such	O
as	O
'	O
x'+1	O
are	O
therefore	O
perfectly	O
legal	O
,	O
as	O
are	O
declarations	O
such	O
as	O
int	O
i='i'	O
;	O
and	O
char	O
c	B-Language
=	O
74	O
;	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whether	O
the	O
char	O
type	O
should	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
signed	O
or	O
unsigned	B-Algorithm
by	O
default	O
is	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
characters	O
and	O
integers	O
are	O
distinct	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
boolean	O
is	O
an	O
enumerated	B-Language
type	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
has	O
binary	O
valued	O
relational	O
operators	O
(	O
<, >, ==, !=, <=, >	O
=	O
)	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
boolean	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
they	O
always	O
give	O
results	O
which	O
are	O
either	O
zero	O
or	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
allows	O
using	O
bitwise	O
operators	O
to	O
perform	O
boolean	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
another	O
more	O
abstract	O
,	O
high	O
level	O
method	O
of	O
dealing	O
with	O
bitwise	O
data	O
,	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sets	O
allow	O
the	O
programmer	O
to	O
set	O
,	O
clear	O
,	O
intersect	O
,	O
and	O
unite	O
bitwise	O
data	O
values	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
using	O
direct	O
bitwise	O
operators	O
(	O
which	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
modern	O
Pascal	B-Application
as	O
well	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
:	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
expression	O
evaluation	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
both	O
languages	O
,	O
a	O
boolean	O
value	O
may	O
be	O
internally	O
stored	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
bit	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
byte	B-Application
,	O
a	O
full	O
machine	O
word	O
,	O
a	O
position	O
in	O
the	O
generated	O
code	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
condition	O
code	O
in	O
a	O
status	O
register	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
machine	O
,	O
compiler	O
,	O
and	O
situation	O
;	O
these	O
factors	O
are	O
usually	O
more	O
important	O
than	O
the	O
language	O
compiled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
has	O
a	O
less	O
strict	O
model	O
of	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
types	I-Algorithm
than	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
integers	O
may	O
be	O
implicitly	O
converted	O
to	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
numbers	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
(	O
though	O
possible	O
precision	O
loss	O
may	O
be	O
flagged	O
by	O
warnings	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
integers	O
may	O
be	O
implicitly	O
converted	O
to	O
real	O
,	O
but	O
conversion	O
of	O
real	O
to	O
integer	O
(	O
where	O
information	O
may	O
be	O
lost	O
)	O
must	O
be	O
done	O
explicitly	O
via	O
the	O
functions	O
trunc( )	O
and	O
round( )	O
,	O
which	O
truncate	B-Algorithm
or	O
round	B-Algorithm
off	O
the	O
fraction	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
include	O
enumeration	B-Language
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Pascal	B-Application
example	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
C	B-Language
example	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
red	O
becomes	O
just	O
a	O
synonym	O
for	O
0	O
,	O
green	O
for	O
1	O
,	O
blue	O
for	O
2	O
,	O
and	O
nothing	O
prevents	O
a	O
value	O
outside	O
this	O
range	O
to	O
be	O
assigned	O
to	O
the	O
variable	O
a	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
operations	O
like	O
a	O
=	O
a	O
+	O
1	O
;	O
are	O
strictly	O
forbidden	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
;	O
instead	O
you	O
would	O
use	O
a	O
:=	O
succ(a )	O
;	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
enums	B-Language
can	O
be	O
freely	O
converted	O
to	O
and	O
from	O
ints	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
the	O
function	O
ord( )	O
must	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
convert	O
from	O
enumerated	B-Language
types	I-Language
to	O
integers	O
,	O
in	O
opposite	O
conversion	O
must	O
be	O
used	O
typecast	O
operation	O
like	O
a	O
:=	O
color(1 )	O
for	O
green	O
value	O
return	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
allow	O
arrays	O
of	O
other	O
complex	O
types	O
,	O
including	O
other	O
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
arrays	O
are	O
simply	O
defined	O
by	O
a	O
base	O
type	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
elements	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
indices	O
is	O
often	O
specified	O
by	O
a	O
subrange	O
(	O
as	O
introduced	O
under	O
simple	O
types	O
above	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
would	O
be	O
indexed	O
by	O
0	O
..	O
9	O
(	O
just	O
as	O
in	O
C	B-Language
in	O
this	O
case	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Array	O
indices	O
can	O
be	O
any	O
ordinal	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
type	I-General_Concept
,	O
however	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
ranges	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
expressions	O
,	O
an	O
identifier	O
representing	O
an	O
array	O
is	O
treated	O
as	O
a	O
constant	O
pointer	O
to	O
the	O
first	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
array	O
,	O
thus	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
declarations	O
int	O
a[10]	O
and	O
int	O
*	O
p	O
;	O
the	O
assignment	O
p	O
=	O
a	O
is	O
valid	O
and	O
causes	O
p	O
and	O
a	O
to	O
point	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
array	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
arrays	O
in	O
C	B-Language
are	O
fixed	O
,	O
pointers	O
to	O
them	O
are	O
interchangeable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
flexibility	O
allows	O
C	B-Language
to	O
manipulate	O
any	O
length	O
array	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
arrays	O
are	O
a	O
distinct	O
type	O
from	O
pointers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
bounds	B-Data_Structure
checking	I-Data_Structure
for	O
arrays	O
possible	O
from	O
a	O
compiler	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Practically	O
all	O
Pascal	B-Application
compilers	O
support	O
range	O
checking	O
as	O
a	O
compile	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
the	O
number	O
of	O
elements	O
in	O
each	O
array	O
type	O
is	O
determined	O
at	O
compile-time	O
and	O
cannot	O
be	O
changed	O
during	O
the	O
execution	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
has	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
initialize	O
arrays	O
of	O
arbitrary	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sizeof	B-Language
operator	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
statically	O
initialized	O
array	O
in	O
C	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Original	O
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
neither	O
array	O
initialization	O
(	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
strings	O
)	O
nor	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
determining	O
arbitrary	O
array	O
sizes	O
at	O
compile	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
way	O
of	O
implementing	O
the	O
above	O
example	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
but	O
without	O
the	O
automatic	O
size	O
adjustment	O
,	O
is	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
a	O
string	B-Language
literal	I-Language
of	O
length	O
n	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
type	O
packed	O
array	O
1	O
..	O
n	O
of	O
char	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
a	O
string	O
generally	O
has	O
the	O
type	O
char[n]	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
no	O
support	O
for	O
variable-length	O
arrays	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
any	O
set	O
of	O
routines	O
to	O
perform	O
string	O
operations	O
is	O
dependent	O
on	O
a	O
particular	O
string	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
now	O
standardized	O
Pascal	B-Application
"	O
conformant	O
array	O
parameter	O
"	O
extension	O
solves	O
this	O
to	O
a	O
great	O
extent	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
or	O
even	O
most	O
implementations	O
of	O
Pascal	B-Application
have	O
support	O
for	O
strings	O
native	O
to	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
string	B-Language
literals	I-Language
are	O
null-terminated	B-Data_Structure
;	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
say	O
,	O
a	O
trailing	O
null	O
character	O
as	O
an	O
end-of-string	O
sentinel	B-Data_Structure
:	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
lacks	O
built-in	O
string	O
or	O
array	O
assignment	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
string	O
is	O
not	O
being	O
transferred	O
to	O
p	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
p	O
is	O
being	O
made	O
to	O
point	O
to	O
the	O
constant	O
string	O
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
unlike	O
C	B-Language
,	O
the	O
string	O
's	O
first	O
character	O
element	O
is	O
at	O
index	O
1	O
and	O
not	O
0	O
(	O
leading	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
length-prefixed	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
because	O
Pascal	B-Application
stores	O
the	O
length	O
of	O
the	O
string	O
at	O
the	O
0th	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
character	O
array	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
this	O
difference	O
is	O
not	O
well	O
understood	O
it	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
errors	O
when	O
porting	O
or	O
trying	O
to	O
interface	O
object	B-Language
code	I-Language
generated	O
by	O
both	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
developer	O
Poul-Henning	O
Kamp	O
,	O
writing	O
in	O
ACM	O
Queue	O
,	O
would	O
later	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
victory	O
of	O
null-terminated	B-Data_Structure
strings	I-Data_Structure
over	O
length-prefixed	O
strings	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
expensive	O
one-byte	O
mistake	O
"	O
ever	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
can	O
declare	O
"	O
record	B-Language
"	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
they	O
are	O
termed	O
"	O
structures	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
we	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
sentence	O
"	O
with	O
name_of_record	O
do	O
"	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
use	O
directly	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
that	O
record	B-Language
,	O
like	O
local	O
variables	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
write	O
name_of_record.name_of_field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
equivalent	O
feature	O
to	O
with	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
the	O
exact	O
bit	O
length	O
of	O
a	O
field	O
can	O
be	O
specified	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
by	O
using	O
the	O
subrange	O
construct	O
(	O
3	O
bits	O
gives	O
a	O
range	O
from	O
0	O
to	O
7	O
)	O
in	O
association	O
with	O
the	O
keyword	O
packed	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
support	O
records	O
which	O
can	O
include	O
different	O
fields	O
overlapping	O
each	O
other	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
language	O
processors	O
are	O
free	O
to	O
allocate	O
only	O
as	O
much	O
space	O
for	O
these	O
records	O
as	O
needed	O
to	O
contain	O
the	O
largest	O
type	O
in	O
the	O
union/record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
biggest	O
difference	O
between	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
is	O
that	O
Pascal	B-Application
supports	O
the	O
explicit	B-Language
use	I-Language
of	I-Language
a	I-Language
"	I-Language
tagfield	I-Language
"	I-Language
for	O
the	O
language	O
processor	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
the	O
valid	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
variant	B-Language
record	I-Language
is	O
being	O
accessed	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
tagfield	O
q	O
must	O
be	O
set	O
to	O
the	O
right	O
state	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
proper	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
record	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
pointers	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
point	O
at	O
most	O
program	O
entities	O
,	O
including	O
objects	O
or	O
functions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
since	O
arrays	O
and	O
pointers	O
have	O
a	O
close	O
equivalence	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
are	O
the	O
same	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
pointers	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
C	B-Language
as	O
just	O
another	O
method	O
to	O
access	O
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
dynamic	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
allocation	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
language	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
especially	O
valuable	O
when	O
C	B-Language
is	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
operating	O
system	O
kernels	O
or	O
embedded	O
targets	O
as	O
these	O
things	O
are	O
very	O
platform	O
(	O
not	O
just	O
architecture	O
)	O
specific	O
and	O
would	O
require	O
changing	O
the	O
C	B-Language
compiler	O
for	O
each	O
platform	O
(	O
or	O
operating	O
system	O
)	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
does	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
kind	O
of	O
pointers	O
as	O
C	B-Language
,	O
but	O
it	O
does	O
have	O
an	O
indirection	O
operator	O
that	O
covers	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
use	O
of	O
C	B-Language
pointers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pointers	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
are	O
type	O
safe	O
;	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Pointer	O
arithmetic	O
(	O
a	O
common	O
source	O
of	O
programming	O
errors	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
especially	O
when	O
combined	O
with	O
endianness	O
issues	O
and	O
platform-independent	O
type	O
sizes	O
)	O
is	O
not	O
permitted	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
restrictions	O
reduce	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
pointer-related	O
errors	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
compared	O
to	O
C	B-Language
,	O
but	O
do	O
not	O
prevent	O
invalid	O
pointer	O
references	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
altogether	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
operators	O
serve	O
several	O
purposes	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
minus	O
sign	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
negation	O
,	O
subtraction	O
,	O
or	O
set	O
difference	O
(	O
depending	O
on	O
both	O
type	O
and	O
syntactical	O
context	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
>=	O
operator	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
compare	O
numbers	O
,	O
strings	O
,	O
or	O
sets	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
uses	O
dedicated	O
operator	O
symbols	O
to	O
a	O
greater	O
extent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
like	O
ALGOL	B-Language
,	O
uses	O
the	O
mathematical	O
equality	O
operator	O
=	O
for	O
the	O
equality	O
test	O
and	O
the	O
symbol	O
:=	O
for	O
assignment	O
,	O
whereas	O
C	B-Language
,	O
like	O
B	B-Language
,	O
uses	O
the	O
mathematical	O
equality	O
operator	O
for	O
assignment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
(	O
and	O
B	B-Language
)	O
the	O
new	O
==	O
symbol	O
was	O
therefore	O
introduced	O
for	O
the	O
equality	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
mistake	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
due	O
either	O
to	O
inexperience	O
or	O
to	O
a	O
simple	O
typing	O
error	O
,	O
to	O
accidentally	O
put	O
assignment	O
expressions	O
in	O
conditional	O
statements	O
such	O
as	O
if	O
(	O
a	O
=	O
10	O
)	O
{	O
...	O
}	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
in	O
braces	O
will	O
always	O
execute	O
because	O
the	O
assignment	O
expression	O
a	O
=	O
10	O
has	O
the	O
value	O
10	O
which	O
is	O
non-zero	O
and	O
therefore	O
considered	O
"	O
true	O
"	O
in	O
C	B-Language
;	O
this	O
is	O
in	O
part	O
because	O
C	B-Language
(	O
and	O
ALGOL	B-Language
)	O
allow	O
multiple	O
assignment	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
a	O
=	O
b	B-Language
=	O
c	B-Language
=	O
10	O
;	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
by	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
C	B-Language
compilers	O
try	O
to	O
detect	O
these	O
cases	O
and	O
warn	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
asking	O
for	O
a	O
less	O
ambiguous	O
syntax	O
like	O
if	O
( ( 	O
a	O
=	O
10	O
)	O
!=	O
0	O
)	O
{	O
...	O
}	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kind	O
of	O
mistake	O
cannot	O
happen	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
as	O
assignments	O
are	O
not	O
expressions	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
value	O
:	O
using	O
the	O
wrong	O
operator	O
will	O
cause	O
an	O
unambiguous	O
compilation	O
error	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
's	O
also	O
less	O
likely	O
that	O
anyone	O
would	O
mistake	O
the	O
:=	O
symbol	O
for	O
an	O
equality	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
notable	O
that	O
ALGOL	B-Language
's	O
conditional	O
expression	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
a	O
:=	O
if	O
a	O
>	O
b	B-Language
then	O
a	O
else	O
b	B-Language
;	O
has	O
an	O
equivalent	O
in	O
C	B-Language
but	O
not	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
designed	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
the	O
desire	O
was	O
to	O
limit	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
levels	O
of	O
precedence	O
(	O
fewer	O
parse	B-Language
routines	O
,	O
after	O
all	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
does	O
not	O
allow	O
the	O
mixing	O
of	O
arithmetic	O
and	O
Boolean	O
variables	O
,	O
and	O
things	O
like	O
this	O
are	O
caught	O
at	O
the	O
semantic	O
level	O
,	O
when	O
it	O
comes	O
time	O
to	O
generate	O
code	O
for	O
them	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
at	O
the	O
syntax	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
of	O
C	B-Language
took	O
a	O
diametrically	O
opposite	O
approach	O
:	O
they	O
treat	O
the	O
operators	O
as	O
different	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
in	O
C	B-Language
there	O
are	O
no	O
fewer	O
than	O
15	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
's	O
because	O
C	B-Language
also	O
has	O
the	O
operators	O
'	O
=	O
'	O
,	O
'	O
+=	O
 '	O
and	O
its	O
kin	O
,	O
'	O
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx1	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
++	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
--	O
 '	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
in	O
C	B-Language
the	O
arithmetic	O
and	O
Boolean	O
operators	O
are	O
treated	O
separately	O
,	O
the	O
variables	O
are	O
not	O
:	O
a	O
Boolean	O
test	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
on	O
any	O
integer	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Pascal	B-Application
a	O
boolean	O
expression	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
a	O
particular	O
evaluation	O
ordering	O
(	O
possibly	O
via	O
side-effects	O
in	O
function	O
calls	O
)	O
is	O
,	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
,	O
regarded	O
as	O
an	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pascal	B-Application
compiler	O
has	O
the	O
freedom	O
to	O
use	O
whatever	O
ordering	O
it	O
may	O
prefer	O
and	O
must	O
always	O
evaluate	O
the	O
whole	O
expression	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
result	O
can	O
be	O
determined	O
by	O
partial	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
dependence	O
on	O
boolean	O
evaluation	O
order	O
is	O
perfectly	O
legal	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
systematically	O
employed	O
using	O
the	O
&&	O
and	O
||	O
operators	O
together	O
with	O
operators	O
such	O
as	O
++	O
,	O
+	O
=	O
,	O
the	O
comma	O
operator	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Short	O
circuit	O
expression	O
evaluation	O
has	O
been	O
commonly	O
considered	O
an	O
advantage	O
for	O
C	B-Language
because	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
evaluation	O
problem	O
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
seemingly	O
straightforward	O
search	O
is	O
problematic	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
because	O
the	O
array	O
access	O
a[i]	O
would	O
be	O
invalid	O
for	O
i	O
equal	O
to	O
11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
has	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
in	O
its	O
original	O
form	O
,	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
equivalent	O
to	O
default	O
,	O
but	O
an	O
equivalent	O
else	O
clause	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
programmers	O
otherwise	O
had	O
to	O
guard	O
case-statements	O
with	O
an	O
expression	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
has	O
the	O
so-called	O
early-out	O
statements	O
break	O
and	O
continue	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
Pascals	B-Application
have	O
them	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
have	O
a	O
goto	O
statement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
nested	O
procedures/functions	O
,	O
jumps	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
from	O
an	O
inner	O
procedure	O
or	O
function	O
to	O
the	O
containing	O
one	O
;	O
this	O
was	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
error	O
recovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
has	O
this	O
ability	O
via	O
the	O
ANSI	O
C	B-Language
setjmp	B-Language
and	I-Language
longjmp	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
routines	O
that	O
return	O
a	O
value	O
are	O
called	O
functions	O
;	O
routines	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
return	O
a	O
value	O
are	O
called	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
routines	O
in	O
C	B-Language
are	O
called	O
functions	O
;	O
C	B-Language
functions	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
return	O
a	O
value	O
are	O
declared	O
with	O
a	O
return	O
type	O
of	O
void	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
procedures	O
are	O
considered	O
equivalent	O
to	O
C	B-Language
"	O
void	O
"	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
Pascal	B-Application
functions	O
are	O
equivalent	O
to	O
C	B-Language
functions	O
that	O
return	O
a	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
two	O
declarations	O
in	O
C	B-Language
:	O
</s>
<s>
are	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
following	O
declarations	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
two	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
parameters	O
:	O
pass-by-value	O
,	O
and	O
pass-by-reference	O
(	O
VAR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
all	O
parameters	O
are	O
passed	O
by	O
value	O
but	O
pass-by-reference	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
using	O
pointers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
segment	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Pascal	B-Application
segment	O
above	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
allows	O
for	O
functions	O
to	O
accept	O
a	O
variable	O
number	O
of	O
parameters	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
variadic	B-Language
functions	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
I/O	O
statements	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
language	O
to	O
handle	O
variable	O
amount	O
of	O
parameters	O
,	O
like	O
Writeln	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
allows	O
procedures	O
and	O
functions	O
to	O
be	O
nested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
lacks	O
this	O
feature	O
and	O
the	O
localization	O
of	O
variables	O
or	O
functions	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
only	O
for	O
a	O
compiling	O
module	O
wherein	O
the	O
variables	O
or	O
functions	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
declared	O
static	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
allows	O
functions	O
to	O
be	O
indirectly	O
invoked	O
through	O
a	O
function	B-Language
pointer	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
also	O
allows	O
functions	O
and	O
procedures	O
to	O
be	O
passed	O
as	O
parameters	O
to	O
functions	O
or	O
procedures	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
C	B-Language
had	O
neither	O
constant	O
declarations	O
nor	O
type	O
declarations	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
was	O
originally	O
defined	O
as	O
needing	O
a	O
"	O
preprocessor	B-General_Concept
"	O
;	O
a	O
separate	O
program	O
,	O
and	O
pass	O
,	O
that	O
handled	O
constant	O
,	O
include	O
and	O
macro	O
definitions	O
,	O
to	O
keep	O
memory	B-General_Concept
usage	I-General_Concept
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
with	O
ANSI	O
C	B-Language
,	O
it	O
obtained	O
constant	O
and	O
type	O
definitions	O
features	O
and	O
the	O
preprocessor	B-General_Concept
also	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
syntax	O
we	O
see	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
constant	O
and	O
type	O
defines	O
are	O
built	O
in	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
programmers	O
using	O
a	O
preprocessor	B-General_Concept
also	O
with	O
Pascal	B-Application
(	O
sometimes	O
the	O
same	O
one	O
used	O
with	O
C	B-Language
)	O
,	O
certainly	O
not	O
as	O
common	O
as	O
with	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Although	O
often	O
pointed	O
out	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
lack	O
"	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
technically	O
C	B-Language
does	O
not	O
have	O
program	O
modularity	O
nor	O
macros	O
built	O
in	O
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
simple	O
low	O
level	O
separate	O
compilation	O
facility	O
,	O
however	O
(	O
traditionally	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
generic	O
linker	O
used	O
for	O
assembly	O
language	O
)	O
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
does	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
,	O
the	O
programmer	O
may	O
inspect	O
the	O
byte-level	O
representation	O
of	O
any	O
object	O
by	O
pointing	O
a	O
char	O
pointer	O
to	O
it	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
do	O
something	O
similar	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
using	O
an	O
undiscriminated	O
variant	B-Language
record	I-Language
:	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
casting	O
is	O
possible	O
on	O
most	O
Pascal	B-Application
compilers	O
and	O
interpreters	O
,	O
even	O
in	O
the	O
code	O
above	O
a2c.a	O
and	O
a2c.b	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
by	O
any	O
Pascal	B-Application
standardizations	O
to	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
address	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
,	O
the	O
designer	O
of	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
has	O
written	O
about	O
the	O
problematic	O
nature	O
of	O
attempting	O
type	O
escapes	O
using	O
this	O
approach	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Most	O
implementors	O
of	O
Pascal	B-Application
decided	O
that	O
this	O
checking	O
would	O
be	O
too	O
expensive	O
,	O
enlarging	O
code	O
and	O
deteriorating	O
program	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
consequence	O
,	O
the	O
variant	B-Language
record	I-Language
became	O
a	O
favourite	O
feature	O
to	O
breach	O
the	O
type	O
system	O
by	O
all	O
programmers	O
in	O
love	O
with	O
tricks	O
,	O
which	O
usually	O
turn	O
into	O
pitfalls	O
and	O
calamities	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
languages	O
now	O
specifically	O
exclude	O
such	O
type	O
escapes	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C#	B-Application
and	O
Wirth	O
's	O
own	O
Oberon	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
C	B-Language
files	O
do	O
not	O
exist	O
as	O
a	O
built-in	O
type	O
(	O
they	O
are	O
defined	O
in	O
a	O
system	O
header	O
)	O
and	O
all	O
I/O	O
takes	O
place	O
via	O
library	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
has	O
file	O
handling	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
C	B-Language
uses	O
a	O
"	O
format	O
string	O
"	O
that	O
is	O
interpreted	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
arguments	O
to	O
the	O
printf	O
function	O
and	O
convert	O
them	O
,	O
whereas	O
Pascal	B-Application
performs	O
that	O
under	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pascal	B-Application
method	O
is	O
arguably	O
faster	O
,	O
because	O
no	O
interpretation	O
takes	O
place	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
C	B-Language
method	O
is	O
highly	O
extensible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
popular	O
Pascal	B-Application
implementations	O
have	O
incorporated	O
virtually	O
all	O
C	B-Language
constructs	O
into	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
incorporation	O
of	O
C	B-Language
's	O
lenient	O
attitude	O
towards	O
types	O
and	O
type	O
conversions	O
can	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
Pascal	B-Application
that	O
loses	O
some	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
type	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
C#	B-Application
were	O
created	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
address	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
perceived	O
type	O
security	O
issues	O
of	O
C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
have	O
"	O
managed	O
"	O
pointers	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
invalid	O
references	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
original	O
form	O
(	O
as	O
described	O
by	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
)	O
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
qualifies	O
as	O
a	O
managed	O
pointer	O
language	O
,	O
some	O
30	O
years	O
before	O
either	O
Java	B-Language
or	O
C#	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
Pascal	B-Application
amalgamated	O
with	O
C	B-Language
would	O
lose	O
that	O
protection	O
by	O
definition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
the	O
lower	O
dependence	O
on	O
pointers	O
for	O
basic	O
tasks	O
makes	O
it	O
safer	O
than	O
C	B-Language
in	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Extended	O
Pascal	B-Application
standard	O
extends	O
Pascal	B-Application
to	O
support	O
many	O
things	O
C	B-Language
supports	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
original	O
standard	O
Pascal	B-Application
did	O
not	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
type	O
safer	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
