<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
(	O
CF	B-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
mass	B-Device
storage	I-Device
device	I-Device
used	O
mainly	O
in	O
portable	O
electronic	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
memory	O
card	O
formats	O
,	O
surpassing	O
Miniature	B-Device
Card	I-Device
and	O
SmartMedia	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequent	O
formats	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
MMC/SD	O
,	O
various	O
Memory	O
Stick	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
xD-Picture	O
Card	O
offered	O
stiff	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
these	O
cards	O
are	O
smaller	O
than	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
while	O
offering	O
comparable	O
capacity	O
and	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proprietary	O
memory	O
card	O
formats	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
professional	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
P2	B-Device
and	O
SxS	B-Device
,	O
are	O
faster	O
,	O
but	O
physically	O
larger	O
and	O
more	O
costly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
's	O
popularity	O
is	O
declining	O
as	O
CFexpress	B-Device
is	O
taking	O
over	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS	I-Algorithm
R5	I-Algorithm
,	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS	I-Algorithm
R3	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
9	I-Algorithm
use	O
CFexpress	B-Device
cards	O
for	O
the	O
higher	O
performance	O
required	O
to	O
record	O
8K	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
use	O
the	O
Parallel	B-Protocol
ATA	I-Protocol
interface	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
,	O
CFast	O
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CFast	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
CompactFast	O
)	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Serial	O
ATA	B-Protocol
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2010	O
,	O
SanDisk	O
,	O
Sony	O
and	O
Nikon	O
presented	O
a	O
next	O
generation	O
card	O
format	O
to	O
the	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Association	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
format	O
has	O
a	O
similar	O
form	O
factor	O
to	O
CF/CFast	O
but	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
interface	O
instead	O
of	O
Parallel	B-Protocol
ATA	I-Protocol
or	O
Serial	O
ATA	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
potential	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
speeds	O
of	O
1	O
Gbit/s	O
(	O
125	O
MB/s	O
)	O
and	O
storage	O
capabilities	O
beyond	O
2	O
TiB	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
format	O
is	O
aimed	O
at	O
high-definition	O
camcorders	O
and	O
high-resolution	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
but	O
the	O
new	O
cards	O
are	O
not	O
backward	O
compatible	O
with	O
either	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
or	O
CFast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XQD	B-Device
card	I-Device
format	O
was	O
officially	O
announced	O
by	O
the	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Association	I-Device
in	O
December	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
subdivisions	O
of	O
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
3.3mm-thick	O
type	O
I	O
and	O
5mm-thick	O
type	O
II	O
(	O
CF2	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
type	O
II	O
slot	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
miniature	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
some	O
other	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Hasselblad	O
CFV	O
Digital	O
Back	O
for	O
the	O
Hasselblad	O
series	O
of	O
medium	O
format	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
main	O
card	O
speeds	O
:	O
original	O
CF	B-Device
,	O
CF	B-Device
High	O
Speed	O
(	O
using	O
CF+	O
/CF2.0	O
)	O
,	O
faster	O
CF	B-Device
3.0	O
standard	O
and	O
the	O
faster	O
CF	B-Device
4.0	O
standard	O
adopted	O
as	O
of	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
was	O
originally	O
built	O
around	O
Intel	O
's	O
NOR-based	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
but	O
has	O
switched	O
to	O
NAND	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF	B-Device
is	O
among	O
the	O
oldest	O
and	O
most	O
successful	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
held	O
a	O
niche	O
in	O
the	O
professional	O
camera	B-Device
market	O
especially	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
directly	O
in	O
a	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
slot	O
with	O
a	O
plug	O
adapter	O
,	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
ATA	B-Protocol
(	O
IDE	B-Protocol
)	O
or	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
storage	O
device	O
with	O
a	O
passive	O
adapter	O
or	O
with	O
a	O
reader	O
,	O
or	O
attached	O
to	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
ports	O
such	O
as	O
USB	B-Protocol
or	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
some	O
newer	O
card	O
types	O
are	O
smaller	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
directly	O
in	O
a	O
CF	B-Device
card	I-Device
slot	O
with	O
an	O
adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formats	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
this	O
way	O
include	O
SD/MMC	O
,	O
Memory	O
Stick	O
Duo	O
,	O
xD-Picture	O
Card	O
in	O
a	O
Type	O
I	O
slot	O
and	O
SmartMedia	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
Type	O
II	O
slot	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
multi-card	O
readers	O
use	O
CF	B-Device
for	O
I/O	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
had	O
capacities	O
of	O
2	O
to	O
10	O
megabytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
interface	O
is	O
a	O
50-pin	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
68-pin	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
It	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
slipped	O
into	O
a	O
passive	O
68-pin	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
Type	O
II	O
to	O
CF	B-Device
Type	O
I	O
adapter	O
that	O
fully	O
meets	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
electrical	O
and	O
mechanical	O
interface	O
specifications	O
"	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
compactflash.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interface	O
operates	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
a	O
mode	O
pin	O
on	O
power-up	O
,	O
as	O
either	O
a	O
16-bit	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
(	O
0x7FF	O
address	O
limit	O
)	O
or	O
as	O
an	O
IDE	B-Protocol
(	O
PATA	B-Protocol
)	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
interface	O
,	O
no	O
dedicated	O
programming	O
voltages	O
(	O
Vpp1	O
and	O
Vpp2	O
)	O
are	O
provided	O
on	O
the	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
IDE	B-Protocol
mode	O
defines	O
an	O
interface	O
that	O
is	O
smaller	O
than	O
,	O
but	O
electrically	O
identical	O
to	O
,	O
the	O
ATA	B-Protocol
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CF	B-Device
device	O
contains	O
an	O
ATA	B-Protocol
controller	O
and	O
appears	O
to	O
the	O
host	O
device	O
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF	B-Device
devices	O
operate	O
at	O
3.3	O
volts	O
or	O
5	O
volts	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
swapped	O
from	O
system	O
to	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
supports	O
C-H-S	B-Device
and	O
28-bit	O
logical	B-Device
block	I-Device
addressing	I-Device
(	O
CF	B-Device
5.0	O
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
LBA-48	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
with	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
are	O
able	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
extremely	O
rapid	O
changes	O
in	O
temperature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industrial	O
versions	O
of	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
cards	O
can	O
operate	O
at	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
−45°C	O
to	O
+85°C	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NOR-based	O
flash	O
has	O
lower	O
density	O
than	O
newer	O
NAND-based	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
is	I-Device
therefore	O
the	O
physically	O
largest	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
memory	O
card	O
formats	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
being	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
JEIDA/PCMCIA	O
Memory	O
Card	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
two	O
are	O
Miniature	B-Device
Card	I-Device
(	O
MiniCard	O
)	O
and	O
SmartMedia	B-Operating_System
(	O
SSFDC	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
CF	B-Device
did	O
switch	O
to	O
NAND	O
type	O
memory	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
Microdrive	B-Device
format	O
,	O
later	O
made	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
,	O
implements	O
the	O
CF	B-Device
Type	O
II	O
interface	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
(	O
HDD	O
)	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
solid-state	B-Device
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seagate	O
also	O
made	O
CF	B-Device
HDDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
IDE	B-Protocol
(	O
ATA	B-Protocol
)	O
emulation	O
speed	O
is	O
usually	O
specified	O
in	O
"	O
x	O
"	O
ratings	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
system	O
used	O
for	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
and	O
indicates	O
the	O
maximum	O
transfer	O
rate	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
multiplier	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
audio	O
CD	O
data	O
transfer	O
rate	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
150	O
kB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reads	O
are	O
usually	O
in	O
parallel	O
,	O
error	B-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
is	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
then	O
transferred	O
through	O
the	O
interface	O
16	O
bits	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Error	B-Error_Name
checking	I-Error_Name
is	O
required	O
due	O
to	O
soft	O
read	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writes	O
require	O
powerup	O
from	O
standby	O
,	O
wear	B-Application
leveling	I-Application
calculation	O
,	O
a	O
block	O
erase	O
of	O
the	O
area	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
to	O
,	O
ECC	O
calculation	O
,	O
write	O
itself	O
(	O
an	O
individual	O
memory	O
cell	O
read	O
takes	O
around	O
100	O
ns	O
,	O
a	O
write	O
to	O
the	O
chip	O
takes	O
1ms+	O
or	O
10,000	O
times	O
longer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
interface	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
35	O
MB/s	O
and	O
lacks	O
bus	O
mastering	O
hardware	O
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
implementation	O
results	O
in	O
slower	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
UDMA-7	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Cards	I-Device
provide	O
data	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
145	O
MB/s	O
and	O
require	O
USB	B-Protocol
3.0	O
data	O
transfer	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
direct	O
motherboard	O
connection	O
is	O
often	O
limited	O
to	O
33	O
MB/s	O
because	O
IDE	B-Protocol
to	O
CF	B-Device
adapters	O
lack	O
high	O
speed	O
ATA	B-Protocol
(	O
66	O
MB/s	O
plus	O
)	O
cable	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
trademarked	O
name	O
"	O
Microdrive	B-Device
"	O
)	O
typically	O
spin	O
at	O
3600	O
RPM	O
,	O
so	O
rotational	O
latency	O
is	O
a	O
consideration	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
spin-up	O
from	O
standby	O
or	O
idle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hitachi	O
's	O
4	O
GB	O
Microdrive	B-Device
is	O
12	O
ms	O
seek	O
,	O
sustained	O
6	O
MB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CF	B-Device
5.0	O
Specification	O
supports	O
capacities	O
up	O
to	O
128	O
PiB	O
using	O
48-bit	O
logical	B-Device
block	I-Device
addressing	I-Device
(	O
LBA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
2006	O
,	O
CF	B-Device
drives	O
using	O
magnetic	O
media	O
offered	O
the	O
highest	O
capacities	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
GiB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
there	O
are	O
solid-state	B-Device
cards	O
with	O
higher	O
capacities	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
512	O
GB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
SSDs	B-Device
)	O
have	O
supplanted	O
both	O
kinds	O
of	O
CF	B-Device
drive	O
for	O
large	O
capacity	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
16	O
,	O
32	O
and	O
64	O
GB	O
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seagate	O
announced	O
a	O
5	O
GB	O
"	O
1-inch	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
"	O
in	O
June	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
8	O
GB	O
version	O
in	O
June	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
CFA	O
demonstrated	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
with	O
a	O
built	O
in	O
SATA	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
make	O
adapters	O
that	O
allow	O
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
PCI	B-Protocol
,	O
PCMCIA	B-Architecture
,	O
IDE	B-Protocol
and	O
SATA	O
connections	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
CF	B-Device
card	I-Device
to	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
solid-state	B-Device
drive	I-Device
with	O
virtually	O
any	O
operating	O
system	O
or	O
BIOS	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
in	O
a	O
RAID	B-Architecture
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
may	O
perform	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
master	O
or	O
slave	O
drive	O
on	O
the	O
IDE	B-Protocol
bus	I-Protocol
,	O
but	O
have	O
issues	O
sharing	O
the	O
bus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
late-model	O
cards	O
that	O
provide	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
(	O
using	O
UDMA	O
or	O
MWDMA	O
)	O
may	O
present	O
problems	O
when	O
used	O
through	O
a	O
passive	O
adapter	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Original	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
memory	O
cards	O
used	O
an	O
internal	O
battery	O
to	O
maintain	O
data	O
when	O
power	O
was	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
that	O
use	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
like	O
other	O
flash-memory	O
devices	O
,	O
are	O
rated	O
for	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
erase/write	O
cycles	O
for	O
any	O
"	O
block.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
mass	B-Device
storage	I-Device
usage	O
flash	O
are	O
NAND	O
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Car	O
PC	O
Hacks	O
suggests	O
disabling	O
the	O
Windows	O
swap	O
file	O
and	O
using	O
its	O
Enhanced	O
Write	O
Filter	O
(	O
EWF	O
)	O
to	O
eliminate	O
unnecessary	O
writes	O
to	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
flash-memory	O
devices	O
limit	O
wear	O
on	O
blocks	O
by	O
varying	O
the	O
physical	O
location	O
to	O
which	O
a	O
block	O
is	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
process	O
is	O
called	O
wear	B-Application
leveling	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
using	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
in	O
ATA	B-Protocol
mode	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
wear	B-Application
leveling	I-Application
becomes	O
critical	O
because	O
low-numbered	O
blocks	O
contain	O
tables	O
whose	O
contents	O
change	O
frequently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
spread	O
the	O
wear-leveling	B-Application
across	O
the	O
entire	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
advanced	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
will	O
move	O
data	O
that	O
rarely	O
changes	O
to	O
ensure	O
all	O
blocks	O
wear	O
evenly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NAND	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
is	O
prone	O
to	O
frequent	O
soft	O
read	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
card	I-Device
includes	O
error	B-Error_Name
checking	I-Error_Name
and	I-Error_Name
correcting	I-Error_Name
(	O
ECC	O
)	O
that	O
detects	O
the	O
error	O
and	O
re-reads	O
the	O
block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
device	O
is	O
solid-state	B-Device
,	O
it	O
is	O
less	O
affected	O
by	O
shock	O
than	O
a	O
spinning	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
's	O
warning	O
on	O
the	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
used	O
for	O
ReadyBoost	O
indicates	O
a	O
current	O
draw	O
in	O
excess	O
of	O
500	O
mA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
for	O
use	O
in	O
consumer	O
devices	O
are	O
typically	O
formatted	O
as	O
FAT12	B-Application
(	O
for	O
media	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
MB	O
)	O
,	O
FAT16	B-Application
(	O
for	O
media	O
up	O
to	O
2	O
GB	O
,	O
sometimes	O
up	O
to	O
4	O
GB	O
)	O
and	O
FAT32	B-Application
(	O
for	O
media	O
larger	O
than	O
2	O
GB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
lets	O
the	O
devices	O
be	O
read	O
by	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
but	O
also	O
suits	O
the	O
limited	O
processing	O
ability	O
of	O
some	O
consumer	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
varying	O
levels	O
of	O
compatibility	O
among	O
FAT32-compatible	O
cameras	O
,	O
MP3	O
players	O
,	O
PDAs	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
any	O
device	O
that	O
claims	O
FAT32-capability	O
should	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
to	O
a	O
FAT32-formatted	O
card	O
without	O
problems	O
,	O
some	O
devices	O
are	O
tripped	O
up	O
by	O
cards	O
larger	O
than	O
2	O
GB	O
that	O
are	O
completely	O
unformatted	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
may	O
take	O
longer	O
to	O
apply	O
a	O
FAT32	B-Application
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
way	O
many	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
update	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
as	O
they	O
write	O
to	O
the	O
card	O
creates	O
a	O
FAT32	B-Application
bottleneck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
to	O
a	O
FAT32-formatted	O
card	O
generally	O
takes	O
a	O
little	O
longer	O
than	O
writing	O
to	O
a	O
FAT16-formatted	O
card	O
with	O
similar	O
performance	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS	I-Algorithm
10D	I-Algorithm
writes	O
the	O
same	O
photo	O
to	O
a	O
FAT16-formatted	O
2	O
GB	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
card	I-Device
somewhat	O
faster	O
than	O
to	O
a	O
same	O
speed	O
4	O
GB	O
FAT32-formatted	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
although	O
the	O
memory	O
chips	O
in	O
both	O
cards	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
write	O
speed	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
FAT16	B-Application
is	O
more	O
wasteful	O
of	O
disk	O
space	O
with	O
its	O
larger	O
clusters	O
,	O
it	O
works	O
better	O
with	O
the	O
write	O
strategy	O
that	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
chips	O
require	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cards	O
themselves	O
can	O
be	O
formatted	O
with	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Ext	B-Application
,	O
JFS	B-Application
,	O
NTFS	B-Application
,	O
or	O
by	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
dedicated	O
flash	B-Application
file	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
are	O
often	O
used	O
instead	O
of	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
in	O
embedded	O
systems	O
,	O
dumb	O
terminals	O
and	O
various	O
small	O
form-factor	O
PCs	B-Device
that	O
are	O
built	O
for	O
low	O
noise	O
output	O
or	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
are	O
often	O
more	O
readily	O
available	O
and	O
smaller	O
than	O
purpose-built	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
often	O
have	O
faster	O
seek	O
times	O
than	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
was	O
first	O
being	O
standardized	O
,	O
even	O
full-sized	O
hard	B-Device
disks	I-Device
were	O
rarely	O
larger	O
than	O
4	O
GB	O
in	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
the	O
ATA	B-Protocol
standard	O
were	O
considered	O
acceptable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
manufactured	O
after	O
the	O
original	O
Revision	O
1.0	O
specification	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
capacities	O
up	O
to	O
512	O
GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
current	O
revision	O
6.0	O
works	O
in	O
[P]ATA	O
mode	O
,	O
future	O
revisions	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
implement	O
SATA	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
Revision	O
1.0	O
(	O
1995	O
)	O
,	O
8.3	O
MB/s	O
(	O
PIO	O
mode	O
2	O
)	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
128	O
GB	O
storage	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF+	O
and	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Revision	O
2.0	O
(	O
2003	O
)	O
added	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
speed	O
to	O
16.6	O
MB/s	O
data-transfer	O
(	O
PIO	O
mode	O
4	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2003	O
,	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
33	O
transfers	O
were	O
added	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
available	O
since	O
mid-2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF+	O
and	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Revision	O
3.0	O
(	O
2004	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
66	O
MB/s	O
data	O
transfer	O
rate	O
(	O
UDMA	O
66	O
)	O
,	O
25	O
MB/s	O
in	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
mode	O
,	O
added	O
password	O
protection	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CFA	O
recommends	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
FAT32	B-Application
filesystem	B-Application
for	O
storage	O
cards	O
larger	O
than	O
2	O
GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF+	O
and	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Revision	O
4.0	O
(	O
2006	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
IDE	B-Protocol
Ultra	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
Mode	O
6	O
for	O
a	O
maximum	O
data	O
transfer	O
rate	O
of	O
133	O
MB/s	O
(	O
UDMA	O
133	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF+	O
and	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Revision	O
4.1	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
Power	O
Enhanced	O
CF	B-Device
Storage	O
Cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
Revision	O
6.0	O
(	O
November	O
2010	O
)	O
added	O
UltraDMA	B-Protocol
Mode	O
7	O
(	O
167	O
MB/s	O
)	O
,	O
ATA-8/ACS	O
-2	O
sanitize	O
command	O
,	O
TRIM	O
and	O
an	O
optional	O
card	O
capability	O
to	O
report	O
the	O
operating	O
temperature	O
range	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CE-ATA	O
is	O
a	O
serial	O
MMC-compatible	O
interface	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
MultiMediaCard	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variant	O
of	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
known	O
as	O
CFast	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Serial	O
ATA	B-Protocol
(	O
SATA	O
)	O
interface	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
Parallel	O
ATA/IDE	O
(	O
PATA	B-Protocol
)	O
bus	O
for	O
which	O
all	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
are	O
designed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CFast	O
1.0/1.1	O
supports	O
a	O
higher	O
maximum	O
transfer	O
rate	O
than	O
current	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
using	O
SATA	O
2.0	O
(	O
300MB/s	O
)	O
interface	O
,	O
while	O
PATA	B-Protocol
is	O
limited	O
to	O
167MB/s	O
using	O
UDMA	O
7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CFast	O
cards	O
are	O
not	O
physically	O
or	O
electrically	O
compatible	O
with	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
SATA	O
can	O
emulate	O
the	O
PATA	B-Protocol
command	O
protocol	O
,	O
existing	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
software	O
drivers	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
although	O
writing	O
new	O
drivers	O
to	O
use	O
AHCI	O
instead	O
of	O
PATA	B-Protocol
emulation	O
will	O
almost	O
always	O
result	O
in	O
significant	O
performance	O
gains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CFast	O
cards	O
use	O
a	O
female	O
7-pin	O
SATA	O
data	O
connector	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
female	O
17-pin	O
power	O
connector	O
,	O
so	O
an	O
adaptor	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
connect	O
CFast	O
cards	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
standard	O
SATA	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
which	O
use	O
male	O
connectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Delock	O
began	O
distributing	O
CFast	O
cards	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
offering	O
several	O
card	O
readers	O
with	O
USB	B-Protocol
3.0	O
and	O
eSATAp	O
(	O
power	O
over	O
eSATA	O
)	O
ports	O
to	O
support	O
CFast	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seeking	O
higher	O
performance	O
and	O
still	O
keeping	O
a	O
compact	O
storage	O
format	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
adoptors	O
of	O
CFast	O
cards	O
were	O
in	O
the	O
gaming	O
industry	O
(	O
used	O
in	O
slot	O
machines	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
natural	O
evolution	O
from	O
the	O
by	O
then	O
well-established	O
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
product	O
employing	O
CFast	O
2.0	O
cards	O
was	O
the	O
Arri	O
Amira	O
digital	O
production	O
camera	B-Device
,	O
allowing	O
frame	O
rates	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
200	O
fps	O
;	O
a	O
CFast	O
2.0	O
adapter	O
for	O
the	O
Arri	B-Algorithm
Alexa/XT	I-Algorithm
camera	B-Device
was	O
also	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
7	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
Blackmagic	O
Design	O
announced	O
the	O
URSA	O
cinema	O
camera	B-Device
,	O
which	O
records	O
to	O
CFast	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
8	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
Canon	O
Inc	O
.	O
announced	O
the	O
XC10	O
video	O
camera	B-Device
,	O
which	O
also	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
CFast	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2017	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
wider	O
embedded	O
electronics	O
industry	O
,	O
transition	O
from	O
CF	B-Device
to	O
CFast	O
is	O
still	O
relatively	O
slow	O
,	O
probably	O
due	O
to	O
hardware	O
cost	O
considerations	O
and	O
some	O
inertia	O
(	O
familiarity	O
with	O
CF	B-Device
)	O
and	O
because	O
a	O
significant	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
industry	O
is	O
satisfied	O
with	O
the	O
lower	O
performance	O
provided	O
by	O
CF	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
thus	O
having	O
no	O
reason	O
to	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
strong	O
incentive	O
to	O
change	O
to	O
CFast	O
for	O
embedded	O
electronics	O
companies	O
using	O
designs	O
based	O
on	O
Intel	O
PC	O
architecture	O
is	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
Intel	O
has	O
removed	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
(	O
P	O
)	O
ATA	B-Protocol
interface	O
a	O
few	O
design	O
platforms	O
ago	O
and	O
the	O
older	O
CPU/PCH	O
generations	O
now	O
have	O
end-of-life	O
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Association	I-Device
announced	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
based	O
on	O
PCIe	O
3.0	O
and	O
NVMe	O
,	O
CFexpress	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
version	O
1.0	O
of	O
the	O
CFexpress	B-Device
specification	O
was	O
published	O
,	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
two	O
PCIe	O
3.0	O
lanes	O
in	O
an	O
XQD	B-Device
form-factor	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
2	O
GB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Type	O
II	O
devices	O
are	O
Microdrive	B-Device
devices	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
,	O
other	O
miniature	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
and	O
adapters	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
popular	O
adapter	O
that	O
takes	O
Secure	B-Device
Digital	I-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
flash-based	O
Type	O
II	O
devices	O
were	O
manufactured	O
,	O
but	O
Type	O
I	O
cards	O
are	O
now	O
available	O
in	O
capacities	O
that	O
exceed	O
CF	B-Device
HDDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
of	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
such	O
as	O
Sandisk	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
,	O
Alcotek	O
and	O
Hynix	O
offer	O
devices	O
with	O
Type	O
I	O
slots	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
latest	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
like	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D800	I-Algorithm
,	O
have	O
also	O
dropped	O
Type	O
II	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microdrive	B-Device
was	O
a	O
brand	O
of	O
tiny	O
hard	B-Device
disks	I-Device
—	O
about	O
25mm	O
(	O
1inch	O
)	O
wide	O
—	O
in	O
a	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
Type	O
II	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
sold	O
its	O
disk	O
drive	O
division	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Microdrive	B-Device
trademark	O
,	O
to	O
Hitachi	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Comparable	O
hard	B-Device
disks	I-Device
were	O
also	O
made	O
by	O
other	O
vendors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Seagate	O
and	O
Sony	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
available	O
in	O
capacities	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
GB	O
but	O
have	O
been	O
superseded	O
by	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
in	O
cost	O
,	O
capacity	O
,	O
and	O
reliability	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
manufactured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
mechanical	O
devices	O
,	O
CF	B-Device
HDDs	O
drew	O
more	O
current	O
than	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
's	O
100	O
mA	O
maximum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CF	B-Device
HDDs	O
were	O
also	O
susceptible	O
to	O
damage	O
from	O
physical	O
shock	O
or	O
temperature	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
CF	B-Device
HDDs	O
had	O
a	O
longer	O
lifespan	O
of	O
write	O
cycles	O
than	O
early	O
flash	B-Device
memories	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
mini	I-Operating_System
,	O
Nokia	B-Operating_System
N91	I-Operating_System
,	O
iriver	O
H10	O
(	O
5	O
or	O
6	O
GB	O
model	O
)	O
,	O
LifeDrive	B-Application
,	O
Sony	O
NW-A1000/3000	O
and	O
Rio	O
Carbon	O
used	O
a	O
Microdrive	B-Device
to	O
store	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
that	O
use	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
are	O
more	O
rugged	O
than	O
some	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
solutions	O
because	O
they	O
are	O
solid-state	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Separately	O
,	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
are	O
thicker	O
than	O
other	O
card	O
formats	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
render	O
them	O
less	O
susceptible	O
to	O
breakage	O
from	O
harsh	O
treatment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
support	O
the	O
IDE/ATA	O
command	O
protocol	O
with	O
the	O
host	O
device	O
,	O
a	O
passive	O
adapter	O
lets	O
them	O
function	O
as	O
the	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
of	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
as	O
described	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
does	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
built	O
in	O
DRM	O
or	O
cryptographic	O
features	O
found	O
on	O
some	O
USB	B-Protocol
flash	O
drives	O
and	O
other	O
card	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
specification	O
envisaged	O
a	O
higher	O
maximum	O
capacity	O
than	O
other	O
card	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
many	O
early	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
host	O
devices	O
are	O
usable	O
with	O
modern	O
multi-gigabyte	O
memories	O
,	O
where	O
users	O
of	O
other	O
families	O
such	O
as	O
Secure	B-Device
Digital	I-Device
have	O
had	O
to	O
migrate	O
to	O
SDHC	O
and	O
SDXC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
lacks	O
the	O
mechanical	O
write	O
protection	O
switch	O
that	O
some	O
other	O
devices	O
have	O
,	O
as	O
seen	O
in	O
a	O
comparison	B-Application
of	I-Application
memory	I-Application
cards	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CompactFlash	B-Device
is	I-Device
physically	O
larger	O
than	O
other	O
card	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
limits	O
its	O
use	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
miniature	O
consumer	O
devices	O
where	O
internal	O
space	O
is	O
limited	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
marketplace	O
for	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
is	I-Device
extensive	O
and	O
includes	O
counterfeits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
interface	O
is	O
electrically	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
16-bit	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
form	O
factor	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
Input/Output	O
and	O
interface	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
standard	O
PC	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
have	O
CF	B-Device
counterparts	O
,	O
some	O
examples	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
