<s>
Common	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
software	O
libraries	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
shared	O
across	O
multiple	O
institutions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
increase	O
software	O
reuse	O
and	O
interoperability	O
in	O
complex	O
modeling	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
complete	O
applications	O
,	O
these	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
combined	O
,	O
using	O
for	O
instance	O
a	O
general	B-Application
circulation	I-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
that	O
transfers	O
data	O
between	O
different	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
additional	O
challenge	O
is	O
that	O
these	O
models	O
generally	O
require	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
to	O
run	O
,	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
the	O
collected	O
data	O
and	O
for	O
data	O
analyses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
projects	O
include	O
the	O
Network	B-Application
Common	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Form	I-Application
(	O
NetCDF	B-Application
)	O
library	O
,	O
the	O
Spherical	O
Coordinate	O
Remapping	O
and	O
Interpolation	O
Package	O
(	O
SCRIP	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Flexible	O
Modeling	O
System	O
(	O
FMS	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
OASIS	O
coupler	O
developed	O
at	O
CERFACS	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
multi-agency	O
Earth	B-Application
System	I-Application
Modeling	I-Application
Framework	I-Application
(	O
ESMF	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Earth	B-Application
System	I-Application
Modeling	I-Application
Framework	I-Application
(	O
ESMF	B-Application
)	O
is	O
considered	O
a	O
technical	O
layer	O
,	O
integrated	O
into	O
a	O
common	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
and	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
journal	O
papers	O
and	O
government	O
reports	O
described	O
common	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
as	O
necessary	O
to	O
the	O
competitiveness	O
and	O
evolution	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Earth	O
science	O
modeling	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
(	O
ESMF	B-Application
)	O
and	O
the	O
(	O
ESM	O
)	O
are	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
modeling	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
