<s>
Collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
,	O
also	O
called	O
group	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
and	O
co-intelligence	O
,	O
is	O
shared	O
knowledge	O
arrived	O
at	O
by	O
individuals	O
and	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collective	O
intelligence	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
synonymously	O
with	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
more	O
of	O
a	O
shared	O
decision	O
process	O
than	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
,	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
is	O
not	O
uniquely	O
human	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
associated	O
with	O
animal	O
and	O
plant	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collective	O
intelligence	O
is	O
basically	O
consensus-driven	O
decision	O
making	O
,	O
whereas	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
decision	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
more	O
amorphous	O
phenomenon	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
by	O
collective	O
learning	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
said	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
more	O
distinctly	O
human	O
quality	O
than	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
,	O
is	O
contained	O
in	O
such	O
early	O
works	O
as	O
The	O
Torah	O
,	O
The	O
Bible	O
,	O
The	O
Koran	O
,	O
the	O
works	O
of	O
Plato	B-Operating_System
,	O
Confucius	O
and	O
Buddha	O
,	O
Bhagavad	O
Gita	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
many	O
myths	O
and	O
legends	O
from	O
all	O
cultures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drawing	O
from	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
universal	O
truth	O
,	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
make	O
life	O
easier/more	O
enjoyable	O
through	O
understanding	O
human	O
behavior	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
is	O
to	O
make	O
life	O
easier/more	O
enjoyable	O
through	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
acquired	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
may	O
be	O
said	O
to	O
have	O
more	O
mathematical	O
and	O
scientific	O
bases	O
,	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
also	O
accounts	O
for	O
the	O
spiritual	O
realm	O
of	O
human	O
behaviors	O
and	O
consciousness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thomas	O
Jefferson	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
when	O
he	O
made	O
his	O
statement	O
,	O
"	O
A	O
Nation	O
's	O
best	O
defense	O
is	O
an	O
educated	O
citizenry	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
British	O
philosopher	O
Thomas	O
Hobbes	O
uses	O
his	O
Leviathan	O
to	O
illustrate	O
how	O
mankind	O
's	O
collective	O
consciousness	O
grows	O
to	O
create	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Émile	O
Durkheim	O
argues	O
in	O
The	O
Elementary	O
Forms	O
of	O
Religious	O
Life	O
(	O
1912	O
)	O
that	O
society	O
by	O
definition	O
constitutes	O
a	O
higher	O
intelligence	O
because	O
it	O
transcends	O
the	O
individual	O
over	O
space	O
and	O
time	O
,	O
thereby	O
achieving	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dave	O
Pollard	O
's	O
restatement	O
of	O
Collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Harnessing	O
the	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
of	O
people	O
is	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
intense	O
contemporary	O
interest	O
and	O
cutting-edge	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
to	O
methodologies	O
that	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
harness	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
is	O
credited	O
to	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Alexander	O
Christakis	O
and	O
his	O
group	O
,	O
As	O
the	O
challenges	O
society	O
faces	O
today	O
are	O
of	O
extreme	O
complexities	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
solution	O
is	O
to	O
develop	O
technologies	O
capable	O
of	O
harnessing	O
the	O
Collective	O
Intelligence	O
and	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
of	O
many	O
people	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
crowds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Collective	B-General_Concept
Wisdom	I-General_Concept
Initiative	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
2000	O
with	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
Fetzer	O
Institute	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
gathering	O
material	O
on	O
the	O
research	O
,	O
theory	O
and	O
practice	O
of	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
of	O
the	O
founding	O
members	O
subsequently	O
co-authored	O
The	O
Power	O
of	O
Collective	B-General_Concept
Wisdom	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
,	O
six	O
stances	O
or	O
principles	O
,	O
which	O
support	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
are	O
presented	O
:	O
deep	O
listening	O
,	O
suspension	O
of	O
certainty	O
,	O
seeing	O
whole	O
systems/seeking	O
diverse	O
perspectives	O
,	O
respect	O
for	O
other/group	O
discernment	O
,	O
welcoming	O
all	O
that	O
is	O
arising	O
,	O
and	O
trust	O
in	O
the	O
transcendent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
strands	O
of	O
thought	O
relating	O
to	O
collective	B-General_Concept
wisdom	I-General_Concept
follow	O
very	O
different	O
paths	O
.	O
</s>
