<s>
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
characterizes	O
multi-agent	O
,	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
where	O
each	O
agent	O
,	O
human	O
or	O
machine	O
,	O
is	O
autonomously	O
contributing	O
to	O
a	O
problem	O
solving	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural	O
ecosystems	O
,	O
where	O
each	O
organism	O
's	O
unique	O
signature	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
its	O
genetics	O
,	O
circumstances	O
,	O
behavior	O
and	O
position	O
in	O
its	O
ecosystem	O
,	O
offer	O
principles	O
for	O
design	O
of	O
next	O
generation	O
social	O
networks	O
to	O
support	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
crowdsourcing	O
individual	O
expertise	O
,	O
preferences	O
,	O
and	O
unique	O
contributions	O
in	O
a	O
problem	O
solving	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
complements	O
the	O
three	O
methods	O
defined	O
above	O
,	O
but	O
here	O
task	O
performers	O
are	O
not	O
anonymous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
term	O
used	O
in	O
several	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
1999	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
an	O
intelligent	O
business	O
"	O
ecosystem	O
"	O
where	O
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
CQ	O
,	O
is	O
"	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
build	O
,	O
contribute	O
to	O
and	O
manage	O
power	O
found	O
in	O
networks	O
of	O
people.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Anonymous	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
was	O
then	O
complemented	O
by	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
acknowledged	O
identity	O
,	O
viewing	O
social	O
networks	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
next	O
generation	O
problem-solving	O
ecosystems	O
,	O
modeled	O
on	O
evolutionary	O
adaptation	O
in	O
nature	O
's	O
ecosystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
traces	O
its	O
roots	O
to	O
the	O
Pandemonium	O
Architecture	O
proposed	O
by	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
pioneer	O
Oliver	O
Selfridge	O
as	O
a	O
paradigm	O
for	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rodney	O
Brooks	O
notes	O
that	O
the	O
blackboard	O
model	O
specifies	O
how	O
knowledge	O
is	O
posted	O
to	O
a	O
blackboard	O
for	O
general	O
sharing	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
how	O
knowledge	O
is	O
retrieved	O
,	O
typically	O
hiding	O
from	O
the	O
consumer	O
of	O
knowledge	O
who	O
originally	O
produced	O
which	O
knowledge	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
would	O
not	O
qualify	O
as	O
a	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
P	O
.	O
dendritiformis	O
manifests	O
a	O
collective	O
faculty	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
precursor	O
of	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
switch	O
between	O
different	O
morphotypes	O
to	O
adapt	O
with	O
the	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
ant	B-Algorithm
colony	I-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
,	O
introduced	O
by	O
Marco	O
Dorigo	O
,	O
became	O
a	O
dominant	O
theory	O
of	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
evolution	O
through	O
which	O
species	O
adapt	O
toward	O
increased	O
functional	O
effectiveness	O
in	O
their	O
ecosystems	O
are	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
principles	O
of	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Architecture
Swarm	I-Architecture
Intelligence	I-Architecture
(	O
ASI	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
real-time	O
technology	O
that	O
enables	O
networked	O
human	O
groups	O
to	O
efficiently	O
combine	O
their	O
knowledge	O
,	O
wisdom	O
,	O
insights	O
,	O
and	O
intuitions	O
into	O
an	O
emergent	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crowdsourcing	O
evolved	O
from	O
anonymous	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
and	O
is	O
evolving	O
toward	O
credited	O
,	O
open	O
source	O
,	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
applications	O
that	O
harness	O
social	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
evolutionary	O
principle	O
corresponds	O
to	O
the	O
principle	O
of	O
collaborative	O
autonomy	O
in	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	O
next	O
generation	O
platforms	O
for	O
crowd-sourcing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
crowdsourced	O
experiments	O
with	O
attributes	O
of	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
crowdsourcing	O
evolves	O
from	O
basic	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
tasks	O
to	O
toward	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
tapping	O
the	O
unique	O
expertise	O
of	O
individual	O
contributors	O
in	O
social	O
networks	O
,	O
constraints	O
guide	O
evolution	O
toward	O
increased	O
functional	O
effectiveness	O
,	O
co-evolving	O
with	O
systems	O
to	O
tag	O
,	O
credit	O
,	O
time-stamp	O
,	O
and	O
sort	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
requires	O
capacity	O
for	O
effective	O
search	O
,	O
discovery	O
,	O
integration	O
,	O
visualization	O
,	O
and	O
frameworks	O
to	O
support	O
collaborative	O
problem-solving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
technology	O
category	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
2022	O
by	O
MURAL	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
provider	O
of	O
interactive	B-Application
whiteboard	I-Application
collaboration	O
spaces	O
for	O
group	O
ideation	O
and	O
problem-solving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MURAL	O
formalized	O
the	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
category	O
through	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
LUMA	O
Institute	O
,	O
an	O
organization	O
that	O
trains	O
people	O
to	O
be	O
collaborative	O
problem	O
solvers	O
through	O
teaching	O
human-centered	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
technology	O
category	O
is	O
described	O
by	O
MURAL	O
as	O
combining	O
"	O
collaboration	O
design	O
with	O
collaboration	O
spaces	O
and	O
emerging	O
Collaboration	O
Insights™️	O
...	O
to	O
enable	O
and	O
amplify	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
team.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
originally	O
encompassed	O
both	O
collective	O
and	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
many	O
systems	O
manifest	O
attributes	O
of	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lévy	O
defined	O
"	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
"	O
to	O
encompass	O
both	O
collective	O
and	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
:	O
"	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
universally	O
distributed	O
intelligence	O
,	O
constantly	O
enhanced	O
,	O
coordinated	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
effective	O
mobilization	O
of	O
skills	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
dependency	O
network	O
studies	O
suggest	O
links	O
between	O
collective	O
and	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
addresses	O
problems	O
where	O
individual	O
expertise	O
,	O
potentially	O
conflicting	O
priorities	O
of	O
stakeholders	O
,	O
and	O
different	O
interpretations	O
of	O
diverse	O
experts	O
are	O
critical	O
for	O
problem-solving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
websites	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
exemplar	O
of	O
an	O
innovation	O
network	O
manifesting	O
distributed	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
that	O
illustrates	O
principles	O
for	O
experimental	O
business	O
laboratories	O
and	O
start-up	O
accelerators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
tools	O
to	O
support	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
is	O
poised	O
to	O
evolve	O
from	O
crowdsourcing	O
platforms	O
,	O
recommender	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
and	O
evolutionary	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
tools	O
to	O
facilitate	O
group	O
problem-solving	O
include	O
collaborative	O
groupware	O
,	O
synchronous	B-Protocol
conferencing	I-Protocol
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
,	O
online	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
shared	O
white	O
boards	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
complemented	O
by	O
asynchronous	O
messaging	O
like	O
electronic	O
mail	O
,	O
threaded	O
,	O
moderated	O
discussion	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
web	O
logs	O
,	O
and	O
group	O
Wikis	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
