<s>
Collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
(	O
CIS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
research	O
that	O
involves	O
studying	O
situations	O
,	O
motivations	O
,	O
and	O
methods	O
for	O
people	O
working	O
in	O
collaborative	O
groups	O
for	O
information	O
seeking	O
projects	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
building	O
systems	O
for	O
supporting	O
such	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
projects	O
often	O
involve	O
information	O
searching	O
or	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
(	O
IR	O
)	O
,	O
information	O
gathering	O
,	O
and	O
information	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
several	O
models	O
to	O
explain	O
information	O
seeking	O
and	O
information	O
behavior	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
and	O
collaborative	O
information	O
behavior	O
remain	O
understudied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
we	O
consider	O
the	O
past	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
groupware	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
many	O
interesting	O
insights	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
about	O
people	O
working	O
on	O
collaborative	O
projects	O
,	O
the	O
issues	O
they	O
face	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
guidelines	O
for	O
system	O
designers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
notable	O
works	O
is	O
by	O
Grudin	O
,	O
who	O
laid	O
out	O
eight	O
design	O
principles	O
for	O
developers	O
of	O
groupware	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discussion	O
below	O
is	O
primarily	O
based	O
on	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
recent	O
works	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	B-Protocol
supported	I-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
collaborative	O
IR	O
,	O
and	O
CIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
literature	O
is	O
filled	O
with	O
works	O
that	O
use	O
terms	O
such	O
as	O
collaborative	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
,	O
social	O
searching	O
,	O
concurrent	O
search	O
,	O
collaborative	O
exploratory	O
search	O
,	O
co-browsing	O
,	O
collaborative	O
information	O
behavior	O
,	O
collaborative	O
information	O
synthesis	O
,	O
and	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
is	O
still	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
definition	O
or	O
a	O
terminology	O
that	O
is	O
universally	O
accepted	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
agree	O
that	O
CIS	O
is	O
an	O
active	O
process	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
collaborative	B-Algorithm
filtering	I-Algorithm
,	O
where	O
a	O
system	O
connects	O
the	O
users	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
passive	O
involvement	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
buying	O
similar	O
products	O
on	O
Amazon	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foley	O
and	O
Smeaton	O
defined	O
two	O
key	O
aspects	O
of	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
as	O
division	O
of	O
labor	O
and	O
the	O
sharing	O
of	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
situations	O
for	O
doing	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
in	O
this	O
survey	O
were	O
travel	O
planning	O
,	O
shopping	O
,	O
and	O
literature	O
search	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	O
information	O
filtering	O
,	O
or	O
collaborative	B-Algorithm
filtering	I-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
we	O
saw	O
earlier	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
process	O
benefitting	O
from	O
other	O
users	O
 '	O
actions	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
it	O
falls	O
under	O
asynchronous	O
and	O
mostly	O
remote	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rodden	O
,	O
similarly	O
,	O
presented	O
a	O
classification	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
using	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
interaction	O
and	O
the	O
geographical	O
nature	O
of	O
cooperative	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
Rodden	O
&	O
Blair	O
presented	O
an	O
important	O
characteristic	O
to	O
all	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
–	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
authors	O
,	O
two	O
predominant	O
control	O
mechanisms	O
have	O
emerged	O
within	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
:	O
speech	O
act	O
theory	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
procedure	O
based	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
components	O
specific	O
to	O
group-work	O
or	O
collaboration	O
that	O
are	O
highly	O
predominant	O
in	O
the	O
CIS	O
or	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
literature	O
are	O
control	O
,	O
communication	O
,	O
and	O
awareness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rodden	O
identified	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
control	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
systems	O
and	O
listed	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
projects	O
with	O
their	O
corresponding	O
schemes	O
for	O
implementing	O
for	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
Rodden	O
(	O
1991	O
)	O
identified	O
message	O
or	O
communication	O
systems	O
as	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
systems	O
in	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
that	O
is	O
most	O
mature	O
and	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Awareness	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
has	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
"	O
an	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
activities	O
of	O
others	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
context	O
for	O
your	O
own	O
activity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
four	O
kinds	O
of	O
awareness	O
are	O
often	O
discussed	O
and	O
addressed	O
in	O
the	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
literature	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Shah	O
and	O
Marchionini	O
studied	O
awareness	O
as	O
provided	O
by	O
interface	O
in	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
specialized	O
systems	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
back	O
from	O
the	O
days	O
of	O
the	O
groupware	B-Application
systems	O
to	O
today	O
's	O
Web	O
2.0	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
tools	O
that	O
have	O
caught	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
attention	O
is	O
SearchTogether	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Morris	O
and	O
Horvitz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
ways	O
of	O
collaborating	O
in	O
information	O
seeking	O
tasks	O
are	O
sending	O
emails	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
,	O
using	O
IM	O
to	O
exchange	O
links	O
and	O
query	B-Library
terms	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
phone	O
calls	O
while	O
looking	O
at	O
a	O
Web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SearchTogether	O
instantiates	O
awareness	O
in	O
several	O
ways	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
per-user	O
query	B-Library
histories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
showing	O
each	O
group	O
member	O
’s	O
screen	O
name	O
,	O
his/her	O
photo	O
and	O
queries	B-Library
in	O
the	O
“	O
Query	B-Library
Awareness	O
”	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
query	B-Library
histories	O
is	O
immediate	O
and	O
interactive	O
,	O
as	O
clicking	O
on	O
a	O
query	B-Library
brings	O
back	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
that	O
query	B-Library
from	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
executed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
identified	O
query	B-Library
awareness	O
as	O
a	O
very	O
important	O
feature	O
in	O
collaborative	O
searching	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
group	O
members	O
to	O
not	O
only	O
share	O
their	O
query	B-Library
terms	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
learn	O
better	O
query	B-Library
formulation	O
techniques	O
from	O
one	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Division	O
of	O
labor	O
in	O
SearchTogether	O
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
three	O
ways	O
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
“	O
Split	O
Search	O
”	O
allows	O
one	O
to	O
split	O
the	O
search	O
results	O
among	O
all	O
online	O
group	O
members	O
in	O
a	O
round-robin	O
fashion	O
,	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
“	O
Multi-Engine	O
Search	O
”	O
takes	O
a	O
query	B-Library
and	O
runs	O
it	O
on	O
n	O
different	O
search	O
engines	O
,	O
where	O
n	O
is	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
online	O
group	O
members	O
,	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
manual	O
division	O
of	O
labor	O
can	O
be	O
facilitated	O
using	O
integrated	O
IM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
the	O
persistence	O
feature	O
in	O
SearchTogether	O
is	O
instantiated	O
by	O
storing	O
all	O
the	O
objects	O
and	O
actions	O
,	O
including	O
IM	O
conversations	O
,	O
query	B-Library
histories	O
,	O
recommendation	O
queues	O
,	O
and	O
page-specific	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cerchiamo	O
is	O
a	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
tool	O
that	O
explores	O
issues	O
related	O
to	O
algorithmic	O
mediation	O
of	O
information	O
seeking	O
activities	O
and	O
how	O
collaborators	O
 '	O
roles	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
structure	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
algorithm	O
prioritized	O
items	O
that	O
were	O
retrieved	O
by	O
multiple	O
queries	B-Library
and	O
that	O
were	O
retrieved	O
by	O
queries	B-Library
that	O
also	O
retrieved	O
many	O
other	O
relevant	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Prospector	O
role/interface	O
focused	O
on	O
running	O
many	O
queries	B-Library
and	O
making	O
a	O
few	O
judgments	O
of	O
relevance	O
for	O
each	O
query	B-Library
to	O
explore	O
the	O
information	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Miner	O
role/interface	O
focused	O
on	O
making	O
relevance	O
judgments	O
on	O
a	O
ranked	O
list	O
of	O
items	O
selected	O
from	O
items	O
retrieved	O
by	O
all	O
queries	B-Library
in	O
the	O
current	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sidebar	O
features	O
a	O
chat	O
window	O
,	O
under	O
which	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
tabs	O
with	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
search	O
engine	O
queries	B-Library
,	O
saved	O
pages	O
and	O
snippets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
click	O
on	O
a	O
query	B-Library
issued	O
by	O
anyone	O
in	O
the	O
group	O
to	O
re-run	O
that	O
query	B-Library
and	O
bring	O
up	O
the	O
results	O
in	O
the	O
main	O
browser	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
Android	B-Application
(	O
operating	O
system	O
)	O
app	O
for	O
Coagmento	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
client	O
user	O
interface	O
include	O
a	O
search	O
panel	O
that	O
lets	O
developers	O
to	O
specify	O
queries	B-Library
,	O
division	O
of	O
labor	O
principle	O
(	O
possible	O
combination	O
include	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
different	O
search	O
engines	O
,	O
ranking	O
fusion	O
,	O
and	O
split	O
algorithms	O
)	O
,	O
searching	O
field	O
(	O
comments	O
,	O
source-code	O
,	O
class	O
or	O
methods	O
declaration	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
collection	O
type	O
(	O
source-code	O
files	O
or	O
digital	O
documentation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
of	O
Cosme	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
CIRLab	O
(	O
Collaborative	O
Information	B-Library
Retrieval	I-Library
Laboratory	O
)	O
instantiation	O
,	O
a	O
groupware	B-Application
framework	O
for	O
CIS	O
research	O
and	O
experimentation	O
,	O
Java	O
as	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
NetBeans	O
IDE	O
Platform	O
as	O
plug-in	O
base	O
,	O
and	O
Amenities	O
(	O
A	O
MEthodology	O
for	O
aNalysis	O
and	O
desIgn	O
of	O
cooperaTIve	O
systEmS	O
)	O
as	O
software	O
engineering	O
methodology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
How	O
to	O
evaluate	O
various	O
aspects	O
of	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
seeking	I-Protocol
,	O
including	O
system	O
and	O
user	O
performance	O
?	O
</s>
