<s>
A	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
refers	O
to	O
both	O
a	O
theory	O
about	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
mind	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
computational	O
instantiation	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
theory	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
and	O
computational	O
cognitive	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
formalized	O
models	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
further	O
refine	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
theory	O
of	O
cognition	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
useful	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
include	O
ACT-R	B-Language
(	O
Adaptive	B-Language
Control	I-Language
of	I-Language
Thought	I-Language
-	O
Rational	O
)	O
and	O
SOAR	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
research	O
on	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
as	O
software	O
instantiation	O
of	O
cognitive	O
theories	O
was	O
initiated	O
by	O
Allen	O
Newell	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Institute	O
for	O
Creative	O
Technologies	O
defines	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
as	O
:	O
"	O
hypothesis	O
about	O
the	O
fixed	O
structures	O
that	O
provide	O
a	O
mind	O
,	O
whether	O
in	O
natural	O
or	O
artificial	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
work	O
together	O
–	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
knowledge	O
and	O
skills	O
embodied	O
within	O
the	O
architecture	O
–	O
to	O
yield	O
intelligent	O
behavior	O
in	O
a	O
diversity	O
of	O
complex	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Herbert	O
A	O
.	O
Simon	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
1960	O
thesis	O
by	O
his	O
student	O
Ed	O
Feigenbaum	O
,	O
EPAM	B-Architecture
provided	O
a	O
possible	O
"	O
architecture	O
for	O
cognition	O
"	O
because	O
it	O
included	O
some	O
commitments	O
for	O
how	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
fundamental	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
mind	O
worked	O
(	O
in	O
EPAM	B-Architecture
's	O
case	O
,	O
human	O
memory	O
and	O
human	O
learning	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
included	O
more	O
aspects	O
of	O
his	O
research	O
on	O
long-term	O
memory	O
and	O
thinking	O
processes	O
into	O
this	O
research	O
and	O
eventually	O
designed	O
a	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
he	O
eventually	O
called	O
ACT	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
and	O
his	O
students	O
were	O
influenced	O
by	O
Allen	O
Newell	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anderson	O
's	O
lab	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
ACT	B-Language
theory	O
as	O
embodied	O
in	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
papers	O
and	O
designs	O
(	O
there	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
complete	O
implementation	O
of	O
ACT	B-Language
at	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
implements	O
the	O
theory	O
on	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
were	O
also	O
"	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
a	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
can	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
blueprint	O
for	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
agents	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
proposes	O
(	O
artificial	O
)	O
computational	O
processes	O
that	O
act	B-Language
like	O
certain	O
cognitive	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
most	O
often	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
person	O
,	O
or	O
acts	O
intelligent	O
under	O
some	O
definition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
form	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
general	O
agent	B-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
symbolic	O
,	O
connectionist	O
,	O
or	O
hybrid	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
or	O
models	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
generic	O
rules	O
,	O
as	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
Information	B-Language
Processing	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Soar	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
the	O
unified	O
theory	O
of	O
cognition	O
,	O
or	O
similarly	O
ACT-R	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrid	B-General_Concept
architectures	O
combine	O
both	O
types	O
of	O
processing	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
CLARION	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decentralized	O
flavor	O
,	O
has	O
become	O
popular	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
parallel	O
distributed	O
processing	O
in	O
mid-1980s	O
and	O
connectionism	O
,	O
a	O
prime	O
example	O
being	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
design	O
issue	O
is	O
additionally	O
a	O
decision	O
between	O
holistic	O
and	O
atomistic	O
,	O
or	O
(	O
more	O
concrete	O
)	O
modular	B-Architecture
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
traditional	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
intelligence	O
is	O
often	O
programmed	O
from	O
above	O
:	O
the	O
programmer	O
is	O
the	O
creator	O
,	O
and	O
makes	O
something	O
and	O
imbues	O
it	O
with	O
its	O
intelligence	O
,	O
though	O
many	O
traditional	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
were	O
also	O
designed	O
to	O
learn	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
well-known	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
,	O
in	O
alphabetical	O
order	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Name	O
Description	O
4CAPS	B-Language
developed	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
by	O
Marcel	O
A	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ACT-R	B-Language
developed	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
under	O
John	O
R	O
.	O
Anderson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
actions/behaviours	O
compete	O
for	O
an	O
agents	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CHREST	B-Architecture
developed	O
under	O
Fernand	O
Gobet	O
at	O
Brunel	O
University	O
and	O
Peter	O
C	O
.	O
Lane	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Hertfordshire	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLARION	B-Architecture
the	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
developed	O
under	O
Ron	O
Sun	O
at	O
Rensselaer	O
Polytechnic	O
Institute	O
and	O
University	O
of	O
Missouri	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMAC	B-Algorithm
The	O
Cerebellar	B-Algorithm
Model	I-Algorithm
Articulation	I-Algorithm
Controller	I-Algorithm
(	O
CMAC	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
based	O
on	O
a	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
mammalian	O
cerebellum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CMAC	B-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
as	O
a	O
function	O
modeler	O
for	O
robotic	O
controllers	O
by	O
James	O
Albus	O
in	O
1975	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
extensively	O
used	O
in	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
and	O
also	O
as	O
for	O
automated	O
classification	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
machine	O
learning	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copycat	B-Language
by	O
Douglas	O
Hofstadter	O
and	O
Melanie	O
Mitchell	O
at	O
the	O
Indiana	O
University.DAYDREAMERdeveloped	O
by	O
Erik	O
Mueller	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
in	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
under	O
Michael	O
G	O
.	O
Dyer	O
DUAL	B-Architecture
developed	O
at	O
the	O
New	O
Bulgarian	O
University	O
under	O
Boicho	O
Kokinov	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FORR	B-Architecture
developed	O
by	O
Susan	O
L	O
.	O
Epstein	O
at	O
The	O
City	O
University	O
of	O
New	O
York	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Framsticks	B-Application
a	O
connectionist	O
distributed	O
neural	O
architecture	O
for	O
simulated	O
creatures	O
or	O
robots	O
,	O
where	O
modules	B-Architecture
of	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
composed	O
of	O
heterogenous	O
neurons	O
(	O
including	O
receptors	O
and	O
effectors	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
designed	O
and	O
evolved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
DeepMind	I-Application
The	O
company	O
has	O
created	O
a	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
learns	O
how	O
to	O
play	O
video	O
games	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
fashion	O
to	O
humans	O
and	O
a	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
an	O
external	O
memory	O
like	O
a	O
conventional	O
Turing	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
computer	O
that	O
appears	O
to	O
possibly	O
mimic	O
the	O
short-term	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
underlying	O
algorithm	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
Q-learning	B-Algorithm
with	O
multilayer	O
recurrent	B-Algorithm
neural	I-Algorithm
network	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Also	O
see	O
an	O
overview	O
by	O
Jürgen	O
Schmidhuber	O
on	O
earlier	O
related	O
work	O
in	O
Deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
)	O
Holographic	B-Algorithm
associative	I-Algorithm
memory	I-Algorithm
This	O
architecture	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
family	O
of	O
correlation-based	O
associative	O
memories	O
,	O
where	O
information	O
is	O
mapped	O
onto	O
the	O
phase	O
orientation	O
of	O
complex	O
numbers	O
on	O
a	O
Riemann	O
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hierarchical	B-Algorithm
temporal	I-Algorithm
memory	I-Algorithm
This	O
architecture	O
is	O
an	O
online	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
model	O
developed	O
by	O
Jeff	O
Hawkins	O
and	O
Dileep	O
George	O
of	O
Numenta	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
that	O
models	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
structural	O
and	O
algorithmic	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
neocortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTM	O
is	O
a	O
biomimetic	B-Application
model	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
memory-prediction	O
theory	O
of	O
brain	O
function	O
described	O
by	O
Jeff	O
Hawkins	O
in	O
his	O
book	O
On	O
Intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CoJACK	B-Language
An	O
ACT-R	B-Language
inspired	O
extension	O
to	O
the	O
JACK	B-Language
multi-agent	O
system	O
that	O
adds	O
a	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
to	O
the	O
agents	O
for	O
eliciting	O
more	O
realistic	O
(	O
human-like	O
)	O
behaviors	O
in	O
virtual	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDA	B-Architecture
and	I-Architecture
LIDA	I-Architecture
implementing	O
Global	O
Workspace	O
Theory	O
,	O
developed	O
under	O
Stan	O
Franklin	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Memphis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MANIC	B-Architecture
(	O
Cognitive	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
)	O
Michael	O
S	O
.	O
Gashler	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Arkansas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PRS	B-Application
'	O
Procedural	B-Application
Reasoning	I-Application
System	I-Application
 '	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Michael	O
Georgeff	O
and	O
Amy	O
Lansky	O
at	O
SRI	O
International	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Psi-Theory	B-Architecture
developed	O
under	O
Dietrich	O
Dörner	O
at	O
the	O
Otto-Friedrich	O
University	O
in	O
Bamberg	O
,	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spaun	B-Architecture
(	O
Semantic	O
Pointer	O
Architecture	O
Unified	O
Network	O
)	O
by	O
Chris	B-Architecture
Eliasmith	I-Architecture
at	O
the	O
Centre	O
for	O
Theoretical	O
Neuroscience	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Waterloo	O
–	O
Spaun	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
2,500,000	O
artificial	O
spiking	B-Algorithm
neurons	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
uses	O
groups	O
of	O
these	O
neurons	O
to	O
complete	O
cognitive	O
tasks	O
via	O
flexibile	O
coordination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Components	O
of	O
the	O
model	O
communicate	O
using	O
spiking	B-Algorithm
neurons	I-Algorithm
that	O
implement	O
neural	O
representations	O
called	O
"	O
semantic	O
pointers	O
"	O
using	O
various	O
firing	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soar	B-Architecture
developed	O
under	O
Allen	O
Newell	O
and	O
John	O
Laird	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sparse	B-Architecture
distributed	I-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
Pentti	O
Kanerva	O
at	O
NASA	O
Ames	O
Research	O
Center	O
as	O
a	O
realizable	O
architecture	O
that	O
could	O
store	O
large	O
patterns	O
and	O
retrieve	O
them	O
based	O
on	O
partial	O
matches	O
with	O
patterns	O
representing	O
current	O
sensory	O
inputs.Denning	O
,	O
Peter	O
J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
1989	O
)	O
.Url	O
:	O
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920002425.pdf	O
Subsumption	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
developed	O
e.g.	O
</s>
