<s>
Co-occurrence	B-Application
network	I-Application
,	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
semantic	O
network	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
analyze	O
text	O
that	O
includes	O
a	O
graphic	O
visualization	O
of	O
potential	O
relationships	O
between	O
people	O
,	O
organizations	O
,	O
concepts	O
,	O
biological	O
organisms	O
like	O
bacteria	O
or	O
other	O
entities	O
represented	O
within	O
written	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
generation	O
and	O
visualization	O
of	O
co-occurrence	B-Application
networks	I-Application
has	O
become	O
practical	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
electronically	O
stored	O
text	O
compliant	O
to	O
text	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
way	O
of	O
definition	O
,	O
co-occurrence	B-Application
networks	I-Application
are	O
the	O
collective	O
interconnection	B-Architecture
of	O
terms	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
paired	O
presence	O
within	O
a	O
specified	O
unit	O
of	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
article	O
may	O
contain	O
terms	O
B	O
and	O
C	O
.	O
Linking	O
A	O
to	O
B	O
and	O
B	O
to	O
C	O
creates	O
a	O
co-occurrence	B-Application
network	I-Application
of	O
these	O
three	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Co-occurrence	B-Application
networks	I-Application
were	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
particularly	O
useful	O
to	O
analyze	O
large	O
text	O
and	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
,	O
when	O
identifying	O
the	O
main	O
themes	O
and	O
topics	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
social	O
media	O
posts	O
)	O
,	O
revealing	O
biases	O
in	O
the	O
text	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
biases	O
in	O
news	O
coverage	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
mapping	O
an	O
entire	O
research	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
of	O
constructing	O
co-occurrence	B-Application
networks	I-Application
includes	O
identifying	O
keywords	O
in	O
the	O
text	O
,	O
calculating	O
the	O
frequencies	O
of	O
co-occurrences	O
,	O
and	O
analyzing	O
the	O
networks	O
to	O
find	O
central	O
words	O
and	O
clusters	O
of	O
themes	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Co-occurrence	B-Application
networks	I-Application
can	O
be	O
created	O
for	O
any	O
given	O
list	O
of	O
terms	O
(	O
any	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
)	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
any	O
collection	O
of	O
texts	O
(	O
any	O
text	O
corpus	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Co-occurring	O
pairs	O
of	O
terms	O
can	O
be	O
called	O
“	O
neighbors	O
”	O
and	O
these	O
often	O
group	O
into	O
“	O
neighborhoods	O
”	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
interconnections	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
terms	O
are	O
,	O
within	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
text	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
symbolically	O
represented	O
as	O
text	O
strings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
can	O
be	O
augmented	O
through	O
NLP	B-Language
(	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
)	O
algorithms	O
that	O
interrogate	O
segments	O
of	O
text	O
for	O
possible	O
alternatives	O
such	O
as	O
word	O
order	O
,	O
spacing	O
and	O
hyphenation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NLP	B-Language
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
sentence	O
structure	O
and	O
categorize	O
text	O
strings	O
according	O
to	O
grammar	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
categorizing	O
a	O
string	O
of	O
text	O
as	O
a	O
noun	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
preceding	O
string	O
of	O
text	O
known	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
article	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphic	O
representation	O
of	O
co-occurrence	B-Application
networks	I-Application
allow	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
visualized	O
and	O
inferences	O
drawn	O
regarding	O
relationships	O
between	O
entities	O
in	O
the	O
domain	B-Application
represented	O
by	O
the	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
of	O
terms	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
text	O
corpus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quantitative	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
structure	O
of	O
a	O
co-occurrence	B-Application
network	I-Application
might	O
also	O
be	O
informative	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
overall	O
number	O
of	O
connections	O
between	O
entities	O
,	O
clustering	O
of	O
entities	O
representing	O
sub-domains	O
,	O
detecting	O
synonyms	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networks	O
of	O
information	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
facilitate	O
efforts	O
to	O
organize	O
and	O
focus	O
publicly	O
available	O
information	O
for	O
law	O
enforcement	O
and	O
intelligence	O
purposes	O
(	O
so	O
called	O
"	O
open	B-Algorithm
source	I-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
"	O
or	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
