<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
,	I-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	I-Application
is	O
an	O
American	O
company	O
that	O
provides	O
content	B-Operating_System
delivery	I-Operating_System
network	I-Operating_System
services	O
,	O
cloud	O
cybersecurity	O
,	O
and	O
DDoS	O
mitigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
Hill	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
more	O
than	O
20	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
entire	O
Internet	O
for	O
its	O
web	O
security	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
was	O
founded	O
in	O
July	O
2009	O
by	O
Matthew	B-Application
Prince	I-Application
,	O
Lee	O
Holloway	O
,	O
and	O
Michelle	O
Zatlyn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prince	O
and	O
Holloway	O
had	O
previously	O
collaborated	O
on	O
Project	O
Honey	O
Pot	O
,	O
a	O
product	O
of	O
Unspam	O
Technologies	O
that	O
served	O
as	O
some	O
inspiration	O
for	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
15	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
submitted	O
its	O
S-1	O
filing	O
for	O
IPO	O
on	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Stock	O
Exchange	O
under	O
the	O
stock	O
ticker	O
NET	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
co-founder	O
and	O
COO	O
Michelle	O
Zatlyn	O
was	O
named	O
president	O
,	O
making	O
her	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
woman	O
presidents	O
of	O
a	O
publicly	O
traded	O
technology	O
company	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
has	O
acquired	O
web-services	O
and	O
security	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
StopTheHacker	O
(	O
Feb	O
2014	O
)	O
,	O
CryptoSeal	O
(	O
June	O
2014	O
)	O
,	O
Eager	O
Platform	O
Co	O
.	O
(	O
December	O
2016	O
)	O
,	O
Neumob	O
(	O
November	O
2017	O
)	O
,	O
S2	O
Systems	O
(	O
January	O
2020	O
)	O
,	O
Linc	O
(	O
December	O
2020	O
)	O
,	O
Zaraz	O
(	O
December	O
2021	O
)	O
,	O
Vectrix	O
(	O
February	O
2022	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Area	O
1	O
Security	O
(	O
February	O
2022	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
at	O
least	O
2017	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
has	O
been	O
using	O
a	O
wall	O
of	O
lava	O
lamps	O
in	O
their	O
San	O
Francisco	O
headquarters	O
as	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
randomness	O
for	O
encryption	O
keys	O
,	O
alongside	O
double	O
pendulums	O
in	O
its	O
London	O
offices	O
and	O
a	O
geiger	O
counter	O
in	O
its	O
Singapore	O
offices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lava	O
lamp	O
installation	O
implements	O
the	O
Lavarand	B-Architecture
method	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
camera	O
transforms	O
the	O
unpredictable	O
shapes	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
lava	O
"	O
blobs	O
into	O
a	O
digital	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2023	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
was	O
providing	O
services	O
to	O
over	O
162,000	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
acts	O
as	O
a	O
reverse	B-General_Concept
proxy	I-General_Concept
for	O
web	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
web	O
protocols	O
including	O
SPDY	B-Protocol
and	O
HTTP/2	B-Protocol
,	O
QUIC	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
HTTP/2	B-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
Push	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
handles	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
45	O
million	O
HTTP	O
requests	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
provides	O
DDoS	O
mitigation	O
services	O
that	O
protect	O
customers	O
from	O
distributed	O
denial	O
of	O
service	O
(	O
DDoS	O
)	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
Content	B-Operating_System
Distribution	I-Operating_System
Network	I-Operating_System
(	O
CDN	O
)	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
launched	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
Workers	O
,	O
a	O
serverless	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
platform	O
for	O
creating	O
new	O
applications	O
,	O
augmenting	O
existing	O
ones	O
,	O
without	O
configuring	O
or	O
maintaining	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
expanded	O
to	O
include	O
Workers	O
KV	O
,	O
a	O
low-latency	O
key-value	B-Data_Structure
data	I-Data_Structure
store	I-Data_Structure
;	O
Cron	B-General_Concept
Triggers	O
,	O
for	O
scheduling	O
Cron	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
;	O
and	O
additional	O
tooling	O
for	O
developers	O
to	O
deploy	O
and	O
scale	O
their	O
code	O
across	O
the	O
globe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
25	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
released	O
a	O
freemium	O
VPN	B-Application
service	I-Application
for	O
mobile	O
devices	O
called	O
WARP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
was	O
moving	O
away	O
from	O
using	O
reCAPTCHA	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
hCaptcha	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
announced	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
for	O
Teams	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
DNS	O
resolver	O
and	O
web	O
gateway	O
called	O
"	O
Gateway	O
,	O
"	O
and	O
a	O
zero-trust	B-General_Concept
authentication	I-General_Concept
service	O
called	O
"	O
Access.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
11	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
first	O
SQL	B-Language
database	I-Language
,	O
D1	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
SQLite	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
26	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
announced	O
Zero	B-General_Concept
Trust	I-General_Concept
SIM	O
,	O
an	O
eSIM	O
designed	O
to	O
secure	O
mobile	O
devices	O
and	O
prevent	O
SIM-swapping	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
zero	B-General_Concept
trust	I-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
,	O
the	O
secure	O
eSIM	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
second	O
identification	O
factor	O
with	O
2FA	O
verification	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
began	O
to	O
test	O
Turnstile	O
–	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
CAPTCHA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
a	O
contract	O
with	O
the	O
Cybersecurity	O
and	O
Infrastructure	O
Security	O
Agency	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
provides	O
registry	O
and	O
authoritative	O
DNS	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
.gov	O
top-level	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
received	O
media	O
attention	O
in	O
June	O
2011	O
for	O
providing	O
DDoS	O
mitigation	O
for	O
the	O
website	O
of	O
LulzSec	O
,	O
a	O
black	O
hat	O
hacking	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2013	O
,	O
The	O
Spamhaus	O
Project	O
was	O
targeted	O
by	O
a	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
reported	O
exceeded	O
300gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
Gbit/s	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patrick	O
Gilmore	O
,	O
of	O
Akamai	B-Application
,	O
stated	O
that	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
the	O
largest	O
publicly	O
announced	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
Internet.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
trying	O
to	O
defend	O
Spamhaus	O
against	O
the	O
DDoS	O
attacks	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
ended	O
up	O
being	O
attacked	O
as	O
well	O
;	O
Google	O
and	O
other	O
companies	O
eventually	O
came	O
to	O
Spamhaus	O
 '	O
defense	O
and	O
helped	O
it	O
to	O
absorb	O
the	O
unprecedented	O
amount	O
of	O
attack	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
mitigated	O
an	O
NTP	B-Architecture
reflection	I-Architecture
attack	I-Architecture
against	O
an	O
unnamed	O
European	O
customer	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
stated	O
peaked	O
at	O
400Gbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
reported	O
blocking	O
a	O
71	O
million	O
request-per-second	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
which	O
"	O
the	O
company	O
says	O
was	O
the	O
largest	O
HTTP	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
on	O
record.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
began	O
providing	O
free	O
DDoS	O
mitigation	O
for	O
artists	O
,	O
activists	O
,	O
journalists	O
,	O
and	O
human	O
rights	O
groups	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Project	O
Galileo.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2020	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
released	O
a	O
beta	O
Jamstack	B-Language
platform	O
for	O
front-end	O
developers	O
to	O
deploy	O
websites	O
on	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Pages.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2023	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
announced	O
post-quantum	O
cryptography	O
will	O
be	O
made	O
freely	O
and	O
forever	O
available	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
,	O
applications	O
and	O
Internet	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
allegedly	O
used	O
social	O
engineering	O
to	O
trick	O
AT&T	O
support	O
staff	O
into	O
giving	O
them	O
access	O
to	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
CEO	B-Application
Matthew	B-Application
Prince	I-Application
's	O
voicemail	O
,	O
then	O
exploited	O
a	O
vulnerability	O
in	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
use	O
of	O
Google	O
's	O
two-factor	O
authentication	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
in	O
control	O
of	O
Prince	O
’s	O
email	O
account	O
,	O
UGNazi	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
redirect	O
the	O
4chan	O
domain	O
through	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
’s	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
September	O
2016	O
until	O
February	O
2017	O
,	O
a	O
major	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
bug	O
(	O
nicknamed	O
Cloudbleed	B-Error_Name
)	O
leaked	O
sensitive	O
data	O
,	O
including	O
passwords	O
and	O
authentication	O
tokens	O
,	O
from	O
customer	O
websites	O
by	O
sending	O
extra	O
data	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
web	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
leaks	O
resulted	O
from	O
a	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
which	O
occurred	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
numbers	O
provided	O
by	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
18,000,000	O
times	O
before	O
the	O
problem	O
was	O
corrected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
ProPublica	O
reported	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
routinely	O
discloses	O
the	O
names	O
and	O
email	O
addresses	O
of	O
persons	O
complaining	O
about	O
hate	O
sites	O
to	O
the	O
operators	O
of	O
those	O
sites	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
complainants	O
being	O
harassed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
CEO	B-Application
said	O
the	O
company	O
would	O
allow	O
individuals	O
in	O
"	O
certain	O
instances	O
to	O
complain	O
anonymously	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
"	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
selective	O
in	O
its	O
decisions	O
to	O
share	O
with	O
its	O
clients	O
the	O
personal	O
information	O
of	O
people	O
who	O
reported	O
objections.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
major	O
outage	O
lasting	O
about	O
30	O
minutes	O
that	O
was	O
attributed	O
to	O
bad	O
software	B-Application
deployment	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
experienced	O
another	O
outage	O
in	O
June	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
has	O
said	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
content	O
neutrality	O
policy	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
opposes	O
the	O
policing	O
of	O
its	O
customers	O
on	O
free	O
speech	O
grounds	O
,	O
except	O
in	O
cases	O
where	O
the	O
customers	O
break	O
the	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
has	O
faced	O
criticism	O
for	O
not	O
banning	O
hate	O
speech	O
websites	O
and	O
websites	O
allegedly	O
connected	O
to	O
terrorism	O
groups	O
,	O
but	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
has	O
maintained	O
that	O
no	O
law	O
enforcement	O
agency	O
has	O
asked	O
the	O
company	O
to	O
discontinue	O
these	O
services	O
and	O
it	O
closely	O
monitors	O
its	O
obligations	O
under	O
U.S.	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
a	O
research	O
paper	O
by	O
Stanford	O
University	O
found	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
was	O
a	O
prominent	O
CDN	O
provider	O
among	O
several	O
other	O
providers	O
that	O
are	O
disproportionately	O
responsible	O
for	O
serving	O
misinformation	O
websites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
has	O
come	O
under	O
pressure	O
on	O
multiple	O
occasions	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
services	O
being	O
utilized	O
to	O
serve	O
far-right	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
is	O
considered	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
provider	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
hosting	O
provider	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
maintain	O
broad	O
legal	O
immunity	O
for	O
the	O
content	O
served	O
from	O
their	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
provided	O
DNS	O
routing	O
and	O
DDoS	O
protection	O
for	O
the	O
white	O
supremacist	O
and	O
neo-Nazi	O
website	O
,	O
The	O
Daily	O
Stormer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
stopped	O
providing	O
its	O
services	O
to	O
The	O
Daily	O
Stormer	O
after	O
an	O
announcement	O
on	O
the	O
website	O
asserted	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
upper	O
echelons	O
"	O
of	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
were	O
"	O
secretly	O
supporters	O
of	O
their	O
ideology	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
had	O
refused	O
to	O
take	O
any	O
action	O
regarding	O
The	O
Daily	O
Stormer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
self-described	O
"	O
free	O
speech	O
absolutist	O
"	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
CEO	B-Application
Matthew	B-Application
Prince	I-Application
,	O
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
,	O
vowed	O
never	O
to	O
succumb	O
to	O
external	O
pressure	O
again	O
and	O
sought	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
"	O
political	O
umbrella	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Electronic	O
Frontier	O
Foundation	O
,	O
a	O
US	O
digital	O
rights	O
group	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
"	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
adjudicating	O
what	O
speech	O
is	O
acceptable	O
"	O
,	O
adding	O
that	O
"	O
when	O
illegal	O
activity	O
,	O
like	O
inciting	O
violence	O
or	O
defamation	O
,	O
occurs	O
,	O
the	O
proper	O
channel	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
legal	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
was	O
criticized	O
for	O
providing	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
far-right	O
discussion	O
and	O
imageboard	O
8chan	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
post	O
and	O
discuss	O
content	O
with	O
minimal	O
interference	O
from	O
site	O
administrators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
representative	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
platform	O
"	O
does	O
not	O
host	O
the	O
referenced	O
websites	O
,	O
cannot	O
block	O
websites	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
business	O
of	O
hiding	O
companies	O
that	O
host	O
illegal	O
content	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
did	O
not	O
terminate	O
service	O
to	O
8chan	O
until	O
public	O
and	O
legal	O
pressure	O
mounted	O
in	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
the	O
2019	O
El	O
Paso	O
shooting	O
,	O
a	O
copycat	O
event	O
similar	O
in	O
nature	O
to	O
the	O
Christchurch	O
mosque	O
shootings	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
associated	O
manifesto	O
was	O
published	O
to	O
8chan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
The	O
Guardian	O
immediately	O
following	O
the	O
2019	O
El	O
Paso	O
shooting	O
,	O
CEO	B-Application
Matthew	B-Application
Prince	I-Application
defended	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
support	O
of	O
8chan	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
a	O
"	O
moral	O
obligation	O
"	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
site	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
terminated	O
service	O
to	O
8chan	O
;	O
this	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
8chan	O
forums	O
being	O
moved	O
from	O
the	O
clearnet	O
to	O
the	O
dark	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
provided	O
DDoS	O
mitigation	O
and	O
acted	O
as	O
a	O
reverse	B-General_Concept
proxy	I-General_Concept
for	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
,	O
a	O
far-right	O
Internet	O
forum	O
dedicated	O
to	O
discussion	O
and	O
trolling	O
of	O
online	O
figures	O
or	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
site	O
often	O
engages	O
in	O
harassment	O
and	O
doxxing	B-Application
of	O
targets	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
implicated	O
in	O
the	O
suicides	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
three	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
was	O
not	O
the	O
primary	O
website	O
host	O
,	O
they	O
did	O
perform	O
critical	O
services	O
to	O
keep	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
on-line	O
,	O
both	O
protecting	O
the	O
site	O
from	O
denial-of-service	O
attacks	O
and	O
optimizing	B-Operating_System
content	I-Operating_System
delivery	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
a	O
campaign	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
transgender	O
activist	O
Clara	O
Sorrenti	O
,	O
who	O
has	O
previously	O
been	O
targeted	O
by	O
the	O
forum	O
,	O
to	O
pressure	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
into	O
terminating	O
service	O
for	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
31	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
responded	O
to	O
the	O
campaign	O
with	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
and	O
likened	O
their	O
services	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
public	O
utility	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
Just	O
as	O
the	O
telephone	O
company	O
does	O
n't	O
terminate	O
your	O
line	O
if	O
you	O
say	O
awful	O
,	O
racist	O
,	O
bigoted	O
things	O
,	O
we	O
have	O
concluded	O
...	O
that	O
turning	O
off	O
security	O
services	O
because	O
we	O
think	O
what	O
you	O
publish	O
is	O
despicable	O
is	O
the	O
wrong	O
policy	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
certainly	O
be	O
the	O
"	O
popular	O
choice	O
"	O
to	O
drop	O
sites	O
that	O
the	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
team	O
"	O
personally	O
feels	O
 [ are ] 	O
disgusting	O
and	O
immoral	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
blog	O
post	O
mentioned	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
terms	O
of	O
use	O
agreement	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
terminate	O
service	O
due	O
to	O
"	O
content	O
that	O
discloses	O
sensitive	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
 [ and ] 	O
incites	O
or	O
exploits	O
violence	O
against	O
people	O
"	O
but	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
The	O
Guardian	O
,	O
the	O
statement	O
"	O
did	O
not	O
specifically	O
address	O
how	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
users	O
doxxing	B-Application
people	O
did	O
not	O
fall	O
foul	O
of	O
these	O
terms	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
3	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
blocked	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
,	O
citing	O
urgent	O
escalating	O
rhetoric	O
against	O
targets	O
of	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
"	O
unprecedented	O
emergency	O
and	O
immediate	O
threat	O
to	O
human	O
life	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
"	O
surge	O
in	O
credible	O
violent	O
threats	O
stemming	O
from	O
the	O
site	O
"	O
and	O
CEO	B-Application
Matthew	B-Application
Prince	I-Application
said	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
believes	O
"	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
imminent	O
danger	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
pace	O
at	O
which	O
law	O
enforcement	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
those	O
threats	O
we	O
do	O
n't	O
think	O
is	O
fast	O
enough	O
to	O
keep	O
up.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Huffington	O
Post	O
has	O
documented	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
services	O
to	O
"	O
at	O
least	O
7	O
terrorist	O
groups	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
designated	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
State	O
including	O
the	O
Taliban	O
,	O
Al-Shabaab	O
,	O
the	O
al-Aqsa	O
Martyrs	O
 '	O
Brigades	O
,	O
Hamas	O
,	O
Myanmar	O
's	O
military	O
junta	O
led	O
by	O
the	O
Tatmadaw	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
al-Quds	O
Brigades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2015	O
testimony	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
House	O
Committee	O
on	O
Foreign	O
Affairs	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
three	O
online	O
chat	O
forums	O
and	O
nearly	O
forty	O
other	O
web	O
sites	O
belonging	O
to	O
the	O
Islamic	O
State	O
of	O
Iraq	O
and	O
the	O
Levant	O
(	O
ISIL	O
)	O
were	O
guarded	O
by	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2019	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
reported	O
in	O
their	O
Form	O
S-1	O
filing	O
that	O
their	O
technology	O
was	O
"	O
used	O
by	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
,	O
certain	O
individuals	O
or	O
entities	O
"	O
that	O
were	O
blacklisted	O
due	O
to	O
United	O
States	O
economic	O
and	O
trade	O
sanctions	O
regulations	O
,	O
"	O
including	O
"	O
entities	O
identified	O
in	O
OFAC	O
’s	O
counter-terrorism	O
and	O
counter-narcotics	O
trafficking	O
sanctions	O
programs	O
,	O
or	O
affiliated	O
with	O
governments	O
currently	O
subject	O
to	O
comprehensive	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
has	O
been	O
cited	O
in	O
reports	O
by	O
The	O
Spamhaus	O
Project	O
,	O
an	O
international	O
spam	O
tracking	O
organization	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
high	O
numbers	O
of	O
cybercriminal	O
botnet	O
operations	O
hosted	O
by	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
October	O
2015	O
report	O
found	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
provisioned	O
40%	O
of	O
the	O
SSL	O
certificates	O
used	O
by	O
typosquatting	B-Protocol
phishing	O
sites	O
,	O
which	O
use	O
deceptive	O
domain	O
names	O
resembling	O
those	O
of	O
banks	O
and	O
payment	O
processors	O
to	O
compromise	O
Internet	O
users	O
 '	O
banking	O
and	O
other	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
was	O
identified	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
's	O
Counterfeit	O
and	O
Piracy	O
Watch	O
List	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
notorious	B-Application
market	I-Application
"	O
which	O
engages	O
in	O
,	O
facilitates	O
,	O
or	O
benefits	O
from	O
counterfeiting	O
and	O
piracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
noted	O
that	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
hides	O
and	O
anonymizes	O
the	O
operators	O
of	O
40%	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
pirate	O
sites	O
,	O
and	O
62%	O
of	O
the	O
500	O
largest	O
such	O
sites	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
does	O
not	O
follow	O
due	O
diligence	O
when	O
opening	O
accounts	O
for	O
websites	O
to	O
prevent	O
illegal	O
sites	O
from	O
using	O
its	O
services.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Italian	O
courts	O
have	O
enjoined	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
to	O
cease	O
hosting	O
pirate	O
television	O
service	O
"	O
IPTV	O
THE	O
BEST	O
"	O
after	O
it	O
was	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
infringing	O
the	O
intellectual	O
property	O
of	O
Sky	O
Italy	O
and	O
the	O
Italian	O
football	O
league	O
,	O
and	O
German	O
courts	O
have	O
similarly	O
found	O
that	O
"	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
and	O
its	O
anonymization	O
services	O
attract	O
structurally	O
copyright	O
infringing	O
websites.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2018	O
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
dropped	O
Switter	O
as	O
a	O
client	O
and	O
ceased	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Switter	O
was	O
a	O
social	O
media	O
network	O
for	O
the	O
sex	O
worker	O
community	O
,	O
built	O
on	O
Mastodon	B-Application
's	O
open-source	O
software	O
and	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
March	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
with	O
49,000	O
members	O
joining	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
few	O
weeks	O
,	O
before	O
the	O
site	O
was	O
shutdown	O
by	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
had	O
hoped	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
platform	O
would	O
be	O
safe	O
from	O
US	O
legislation	O
,	O
but	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
terminated	O
service	O
,	O
saying	O
the	O
move	O
was	O
"	O
related	O
to	O
our	O
attempts	O
to	O
understand	O
FOSTA	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
very	O
bad	O
law	O
and	O
 [ sets ] 	O
a	O
very	O
dangerous	O
precedent	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
Assembly	O
Four	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
Given	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
previous	O
stances	O
of	O
privacy	O
and	O
freedom	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
fighting	O
alongside	O
the	O
EFF	O
,	O
we	O
had	O
hoped	O
they	O
would	O
take	O
a	O
stand	O
against	O
FOSTA/SESTA	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Russia	O
invaded	O
Ukraine	O
in	O
late	O
February	O
2022	O
Ukrainian	O
Vice	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
Mykhailo	O
Fedorov	O
and	O
others	O
called	O
on	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
to	O
stop	O
providing	O
its	O
services	O
in	O
the	O
Russian	O
market	O
amidst	O
reports	O
that	O
Russia-linked	O
websites	O
spreading	O
disinformation	O
were	O
using	O
the	O
company	O
’s	O
content	B-Operating_System
delivery	I-Operating_System
network	I-Operating_System
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
CEO	B-Application
Matthew	B-Application
Prince	I-Application
responded	O
that	O
"[i]ndiscriminately	O
terminating	O
service	O
would	O
do	O
little	O
to	O
harm	O
the	O
Russian	O
government	O
but	O
would	O
both	O
limit	O
[	O
Russian	O
citizens' ]	O
access	O
to	O
information	O
outside	O
the	O
country	O
and	O
make	O
significantly	O
more	O
vulnerable	O
those	O
who	O
have	O
used	O
us	O
to	O
shield	O
themselves	O
as	O
they	O
have	O
criticized	O
the	O
government.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
project	O
Galileo	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
offers	O
NGOs	O
DDoS	O
protection	O
for	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
