<s>
Many	O
universities	O
,	O
vendors	O
,	O
institutes	O
and	O
government	O
organizations	O
are	O
investing	O
in	O
cloud	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
research	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
Academic	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
Initiative	O
(	O
ACCI	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
as	O
a	O
multi-university	O
project	O
designed	O
to	O
enhance	O
students	O
 '	O
technical	O
knowledge	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
challenges	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2009	O
,	O
UC	O
Santa	O
Barbara	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
open	O
source	O
platform-as-a-service	O
,	O
AppScale	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
Google	O
App	O
Engine	O
applications	O
at	O
scale	O
on	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
infrastructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
St	O
Andrews	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
Co-laboratory	O
was	O
launched	O
,	O
focusing	O
on	O
research	O
in	O
the	O
important	O
new	O
area	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unique	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
StACC	O
aims	O
to	O
become	O
an	O
international	O
centre	O
of	O
excellence	O
for	O
research	O
and	O
teaching	O
in	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
provides	O
advice	O
and	O
information	O
to	O
businesses	O
interested	O
in	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
High	O
Performance	O
Computing	B-Architecture
Cloud	I-Architecture
(	O
HPCCLoud	O
)	O
project	O
was	O
kicked	O
off	O
,	O
aiming	O
at	O
finding	O
out	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
enhancing	O
performance	O
on	O
cloud	O
environments	O
while	O
running	O
the	O
scientific	O
applications	O
–	O
development	O
of	O
HPCCLoud	O
Performance	O
Analysis	O
Toolkit	O
which	O
was	O
funded	O
by	O
CIM-Returning	O
Experts	O
Programme	O
–	O
under	O
the	O
coordination	O
of	O
Prof	O
.	O
Dr.	O
Shajulin	O
Benedict	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Telecommunications	O
Industry	O
Association	O
developed	O
a	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
White	O
Paper	O
,	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
integration	O
challenges	O
and	O
opportunities	O
between	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
and	O
traditional	O
U.S.	O
telecommunications	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Centre	O
For	O
Development	O
of	O
Advanced	O
Computing	O
released	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
,	O
complete	O
cloud	B-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
,	O
software	O
suite	O
called	O
"	O
Meghdoot	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
facility	O
provides	O
transparent	O
access	O
to	O
cloud	O
resources	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
control	O
and	O
observability	O
necessary	O
to	O
engineer	O
future	O
cloud	B-Architecture
technologies	I-Architecture
,	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
restricted	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
by	O
current	O
business	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2015	O
,	O
,	O
a	O
European	O
Commission-funded	O
Horizon	O
2020	O
project	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
to	O
address	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
and	O
high	O
performance	O
by	O
developing	O
a	O
self-organising	O
,	O
self-optimising	O
heterogeneous	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
service	O
delivery	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
findings	O
have	O
been	O
refined	O
into	O
a	O
research	O
roadmap	O
proposed	O
by	O
the	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
Expert	O
Group	O
on	O
Research	O
in	O
December	O
2012	O
which	O
tries	O
to	O
lay	O
out	O
a	O
timeline	O
for	O
the	O
identified	O
research	O
topics	O
according	O
to	O
their	O
commercial	O
relevance	O
.	O
</s>
