<s>
Cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
,	O
sometimes	O
called	O
gaming	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
or	O
gaming-as-a-service	O
or	O
game	O
streaming	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
online	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
that	O
runs	O
video	O
games	O
on	O
remote	O
servers	B-Application
and	O
streams	O
them	O
directly	O
to	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
,	O
or	O
more	O
colloquially	O
,	O
playing	O
a	O
game	O
remotely	O
from	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contrasts	O
with	O
traditional	O
means	O
of	O
gaming	O
,	O
wherein	O
a	O
game	O
runs	O
locally	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
video	O
game	O
console	O
,	O
personal	O
computer	O
,	O
or	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
platforms	O
operate	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
manner	O
to	O
remote	B-Protocol
desktops	I-Protocol
and	O
video	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
services	I-Application
;	O
games	O
are	O
stored	O
and	O
executed	O
remotely	O
on	O
a	O
provider	O
's	O
dedicated	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
streamed	O
as	O
video	O
to	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
device	O
via	O
client	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
services	I-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
virtualized	B-Protocol
Windows	B-Application
environment	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
download	O
and	O
install	O
games	O
and	O
software	O
as	O
they	O
normally	O
would	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
can	O
be	O
advantageous	O
as	O
it	O
eliminates	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
purchase	O
expensive	O
computer	O
hardware	O
or	O
install	O
games	O
directly	O
onto	O
a	O
local	O
game	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
can	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
on	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
computing	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
digital	B-Application
media	I-Application
players	I-Application
,	O
or	O
proprietary	O
thin	O
client-like	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
services	O
may	O
offer	O
additional	O
features	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
model	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
a	O
viewer	O
to	O
join	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
session	O
and	O
temporarily	O
take	O
control	B-Application
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
dependency	O
on	O
high-quality	O
streaming	B-Application
video	I-Application
,	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
services	I-Application
typically	O
require	O
reliable	O
,	O
high-speed	O
internet	O
connections	O
with	O
low	O
latency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
with	O
high-speed	O
connections	O
available	O
,	O
traffic	O
congestion	O
and	O
other	O
issues	O
affecting	O
network	O
latency	O
can	O
affect	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
service	O
regularly	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
limited	O
by	O
data	O
caps	O
enforced	O
by	O
some	O
internet	O
service	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
costs	O
of	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
shift	O
from	O
traditional	O
distribution	O
through	O
retail	O
outlets	O
and	O
digital	O
storefronts	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
servers	B-Application
that	O
run	O
the	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
requires	O
significant	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
the	O
services	O
to	O
work	O
as	O
intended	O
,	O
including	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
server	B-Operating_System
farms	I-Operating_System
for	O
running	O
the	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
high-bandwidth	O
internet	O
connections	O
with	O
low	O
latency	O
for	O
delivering	O
the	O
streams	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
infrastructure	O
required	O
to	O
make	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
feasible	O
was	O
,	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
,	O
not	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
geographic	O
areas	O
,	O
or	O
unavailable	O
to	O
consumer	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
factor	O
in	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
a	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
service	I-Application
is	O
latency	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
delay	O
between	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
inputs	O
and	O
when	O
they	O
take	O
effect	O
can	O
affect	O
gameplay	O
—	O
especially	O
in	O
fast-paced	O
games	O
dependent	O
on	O
precise	O
inputs	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
first-person	O
shooters	O
and	O
fighting	O
games	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
provider	O
's	O
dedicated	O
hardware	O
can	O
be	O
upgraded	O
over	O
time	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
support	O
higher	O
resolutions	B-General_Concept
and	O
frame	O
rates	O
for	O
the	O
rendering	O
and	O
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Quality	O
of	O
Experience	O
(	O
QoE	O
)	O
that	O
measures	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
general	O
level	O
of	O
satisfaction	O
also	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
brought	O
into	O
consideration	O
during	O
the	O
development	O
phase	O
of	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
approach	O
of	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
technology	O
was	O
by	O
startup	O
G-cluster	B-Application
(	O
short	O
for	O
Game	O
Cluster	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
its	O
product	O
at	O
the	O
2000	O
E3	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
around	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
initial	O
model	O
around	O
2005	O
,	O
G-cluster	B-Application
provided	O
PC	O
games	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
their	O
servers	B-Application
,	O
using	O
video-on-demand	B-Application
service	O
providers	O
,	O
set-top	O
box	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
and	O
middleware	O
software	O
providers	O
to	O
help	O
provide	O
their	O
service	O
to	O
network	O
operators	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
offered	O
the	O
games	O
through	O
portals	B-Application
to	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2010	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
G-cluster	B-Application
changed	O
their	O
model	O
to	O
work	O
through	O
a	O
large	O
server	O
manufacturer	O
to	O
provide	O
their	O
games	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
operators	O
and	O
directly	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
refocusing	O
was	O
necessitated	O
by	O
the	O
increased	O
available	O
of	O
free-to-play	O
games	O
available	O
for	O
personal	O
computers	O
,	O
drawing	O
them	O
away	O
from	O
G-cluster	B-Application
'	O
s	O
service	O
,	O
so	O
G-cluster	B-Application
opted	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
Internet	O
Protocol	O
television	O
(	O
IPTV	O
)	O
users	O
instead	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
potential	O
target	O
of	O
about	O
three	O
million	O
users	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
French	O
telco	O
SFR	O
launched	O
G-cluster	B-Application
gaming	O
service	O
in	O
2010	O
for	O
its	O
end	O
users	O
and	O
Orange	O
followed	O
suit	O
in	O
2012	O
offering	O
the	O
gaming	O
service	O
for	O
its	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
services	O
have	O
been	O
commercially	O
operational	O
ever	O
since	O
offering	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
for	O
their	O
customers	O
on	O
TV	O
and	O
mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2003	O
,	O
another	O
attempt	O
was	O
announced	O
by	O
American	O
company	O
Infinium	B-Device
Labs	I-Device
,	O
which	O
intended	O
to	O
revolutionize	O
the	O
market	O
of	O
home	O
entertainment	O
with	O
their	O
Phantom	O
video	O
game	O
console	O
,	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
was	O
envisioned	O
to	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
providing	O
an	O
on-demand	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	O
delivery	O
service	O
via	O
monthly	O
online	O
subscription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
functioning	O
prototype	O
was	O
first	O
presented	O
at	O
the	O
E3	O
2004	O
,	O
running	O
Unreal	B-Application
Tournament	I-Application
2004	I-Application
,	O
and	O
then	O
again	O
at	O
QuakeCon	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
perfectly	O
operating	O
Quake	B-Application
3	I-Application
Arena	I-Application
on	O
a	O
dedicated	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
couple	O
years	O
of	O
setbacks	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
bankrupted	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Phantom	O
console	O
never	O
officially	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
becoming	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
vaporware	B-Application
of	O
recent	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
game	O
developer	O
Crytek	O
began	O
the	O
research	O
on	O
a	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
system	O
in	O
2005	O
for	O
Crysis	B-Application
,	O
but	O
according	O
to	O
their	O
CEO	O
Cevat	O
Yerli	O
,	O
they	O
halted	O
development	O
in	O
2007	O
to	O
wait	O
until	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
cable	O
Internet	O
providers	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
complete	O
the	O
task	O
and	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
bandwidth	O
to	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Entrepreneur	O
Steve	O
Perlman	O
revealed	O
OnLive	B-Application
at	O
the	O
March	O
2009	O
Game	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perlman	O
stated	O
that	O
with	O
improvements	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
as	O
well	O
as	O
capabilities	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
was	O
now	O
timely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OnLive	B-Application
was	O
officially	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2010	O
,	O
alongside	O
sale	O
of	O
its	O
OnLive	B-Application
microconsole	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
OnLive	B-Application
had	O
acquired	O
some	O
support	O
from	O
large	O
publishers	O
like	O
Ubisoft	O
,	O
2K	O
Games	O
and	O
THQ	O
,	O
they	O
found	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
get	O
other	O
publishers	O
onboard	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
wary	O
of	O
the	O
subscription	O
price	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneous	O
to	O
OnLive	B-Application
,	O
another	O
startup	O
Gaikai	O
was	O
announced	O
by	O
David	O
Perry	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gaikai	O
gained	O
far	O
more	O
publisher	O
support	O
,	O
including	O
Electronic	O
Arts	O
which	O
OnLive	B-Application
had	O
been	O
trying	O
to	O
bring	O
back	O
to	O
their	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gaikai	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Sony	O
Computer	O
Entertainment	O
in	O
July	O
2012	O
for	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
was	O
offering	O
PlayStation	B-Device
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
the	O
technology	O
behind	O
Gaikai	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
PlayStation	B-General_Concept
Now	I-General_Concept
,	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OnLive	B-Application
was	O
never	O
profitable	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
a	O
possible	O
acquisition	O
by	O
HP	O
Inc	O
.	O
fell	O
through	O
,	O
OnLive	B-Application
's	O
assets	O
were	O
acquired	O
by	O
a	O
newly	O
formed	O
entity	O
named	O
"	O
OL2	O
,	O
"	O
which	O
was	O
capitalized	O
by	O
Gary	O
Lauder	O
of	O
Lauder	O
Partners	O
in	O
2012	O
at	O
,	O
a	O
fraction	O
of	O
OnLive	B-Application
's	O
valuation	O
from	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OnLive	B-Application
and	O
OL2	O
's	O
intellectual	O
property	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Sony	O
Computer	O
Entertainment	O
in	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
but	O
then	O
closed	O
it	O
down	O
about	O
a	O
month	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
stated	O
by	O
The	O
Verge	O
,	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
both	O
Gaikai	O
and	O
OnLive	B-Application
's	O
intellectual	O
property	O
gave	O
Sony	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
patents	O
covering	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
first	O
announced	O
its	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
service	I-Application
,	O
Nvidia	O
Grid	O
(	O
later	O
rebranded	O
as	O
GeForce	O
Now	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
hardware	O
using	O
its	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
and	O
software	O
in	O
May	O
2012	O
,	O
initially	O
intending	O
to	O
partner	O
with	O
Gaikai	O
for	O
games	O
on	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grid	O
was	O
formally	O
introduced	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
Nvidia	B-Application
Shield	I-Application
Android	I-Application
TV	I-Application
device	O
during	O
the	O
2013	O
International	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grid/GeForce	O
Now	O
launched	O
with	O
services	O
provided	O
by	O
several	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
partners	O
including	O
Agawi	O
,	O
Cloudunion	O
,	O
Cyber	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
,	O
G-cluster	B-Application
,	O
Playcast	O
,	O
and	O
Ubitus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Grid	O
service	O
was	O
first	O
launched	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
in	O
November	O
2014	O
where	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
games	O
were	O
made	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
later	O
expanded	O
to	O
computers	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
importing	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
Steam	B-Application
and	O
Epic	O
Games	O
Store	O
library	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
remote	O
instance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
importing	O
model	O
was	O
criticized	O
by	O
publishers	O
including	O
Activision	O
Blizzard	O
and	O
Bethesda	O
Softworks	O
,	O
as	O
purchases	O
were	O
only	O
intended	O
for	O
personal	O
computers	O
and	O
not	O
through	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Dragon	B-Protocol
Quest	I-Protocol
X	I-Protocol
was	O
brought	O
to	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
in	O
Japan	O
using	O
Ubitus	O
for	O
the	O
streaming	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
French	O
startup	O
Blade	O
launched	O
a	O
service	O
known	O
as	O
Shadow	O
,	O
where	O
users	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
rent	O
a	O
remote	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
instance	O
on	O
a	O
datacenter	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
allocated	O
access	O
to	O
an	O
Intel	B-Device
Xeon	I-Device
processor	O
and	O
Nvidia	B-Application
Quadro	I-Application
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
is	O
geographically-limited	O
based	O
on	O
proximity	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
datacenters	B-Operating_System
;	O
it	O
initially	O
launched	O
in	O
France	O
,	O
but	O
began	O
expanding	O
into	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
Electronic	O
Arts	O
acquired	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
assets	O
and	O
talent	O
from	O
GameFly	O
for	O
an	O
undisclosed	O
amount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EA	O
subsequently	O
announced	O
"	O
Project	O
Atlas	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
explore	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
Frostbite	B-Operating_System
engine	I-Operating_System
technology	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
"	O
unified	O
"	O
platform	O
to	O
"	O
remotely	O
process	O
and	O
stream	O
blockbuster	O
,	O
multiplayer	O
HD	O
games	O
with	O
the	O
lowest	O
possible	O
latency	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
to	O
unlock	O
even	O
more	O
possibilities	O
for	O
dynamic	O
social	O
and	O
cross-platform	O
play.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
month	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	O
also	O
announced	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
initiatives	O
,	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
beginning	O
to	O
pilot	O
"	O
Project	B-Application
Stream	I-Application
"	O
(	O
including	O
a	O
closed	O
beta	O
featuring	O
Assassin	B-Application
's	I-Application
Creed	I-Application
Odyssey	I-Application
running	O
via	O
a	O
client	O
in	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Chrome	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
the	O
upcoming	O
Project	B-Application
xCloud	I-Application
,	O
leveraging	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Game	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
officially	O
announced	O
its	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
service	I-Application
Stadia	B-Application
,	O
which	O
officially	O
launched	O
on	O
November	O
19	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
co-develop	O
cloud	B-Architecture
solutions	O
between	O
divisions	O
,	O
including	O
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
platform	O
for	O
iPhones	B-Device
and	O
iPads	B-Device
,	O
had	O
looked	O
to	O
block	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
apps	O
on	O
its	O
service	O
in	O
mid-2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
argued	O
that	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
services	I-Application
allowed	O
developers	O
to	O
add	O
games	O
onto	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
system	O
that	O
bypassed	O
the	O
normal	O
checks	O
they	O
perform	O
on	O
any	O
app	O
before	O
it	O
is	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
App	O
Store	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
violated	O
their	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
altered	O
its	O
rules	O
that	O
allowed	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
apps	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
with	O
restrictions	O
that	O
each	O
game	O
must	O
be	O
offered	O
as	O
an	O
individual	O
download	O
on	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
store	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
must	O
use	O
before	O
playing	O
,	O
though	O
catalog	O
apps	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
can	O
list	O
and	O
link	O
to	O
these	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
GeForce	O
Now	O
and	O
Stadia	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
in	O
November	O
2020	O
to	O
release	O
iOS	B-Application
versions	O
of	O
their	O
streaming	O
services	O
as	O
progressive	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
that	O
would	O
be	O
run	O
through	O
a	O
Chrome	B-Application
or	O
Safari	O
browser	O
on	O
iOS	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
as	O
allowed	O
for	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
to	O
support	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
also	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
similar	O
approach	O
to	O
bring	O
the	O
xCloud	B-Application
game	O
streaming	O
technology	O
to	O
iOS	B-Application
via	O
the	O
browser	O
sometime	O
in	O
early	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
introduced	O
its	O
own	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
service	I-Application
Luna	B-Operating_System
in	O
September	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
on	O
the	O
service	O
will	O
be	O
offered	O
via	O
a	O
channel-style	O
subscription	O
service	O
,	O
with	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
own	O
games	O
and	O
those	O
from	O
Ubisoft	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
service	O
's	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Asus	O
and	O
Intel	O
announced	O
ongoing	O
hardware	O
supply	O
,	O
research	O
&	O
development	O
and	O
software	O
optimization	O
alongside	O
Boosteroid	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
platform	O
in	O
November	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
currently	O
has	O
games	O
on	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
that	O
primarily	O
run	O
on	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
because	O
their	O
systems	O
are	O
not	O
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
run	O
them	O
otherwise	O
(	O
or	O
to	O
avoid	O
porting	O
costs	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Control	B-Application
,	O
Hitman	B-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
Marvel	B-Application
's	I-Application
Guardians	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Kingdom	B-Application
Hearts	I-Application
franchise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
proposed	O
method	O
to	O
improve	O
game	O
streaming	O
's	O
scalability	O
is	O
adaptive	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
resource	O
scheduling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
providers	O
are	O
using	O
dedicated	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
to	O
each	O
person	O
playing	O
a	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
better	O
GPU	B-Architecture
resource	O
scheduling	O
algorithms	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
game	O
does	O
not	O
fully	O
utilize	O
that	O
GPU	B-Architecture
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
help	O
run	O
someone	O
else	O
’s	O
game	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
“	O
GPU	B-Architecture
virtualization	O
was	O
not	O
used	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
inferior	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
resource	O
scheduling	O
algorithm	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
new	O
resource	O
management	O
algorithms	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
that	O
can	O
allow	O
up	O
to	O
90%	O
of	O
the	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
original	O
power	O
to	O
be	O
utilized	O
even	O
while	O
being	O
split	O
among	O
many	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Algorithms	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
help	O
predict	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
next	O
inputs	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
overcome	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
latency	O
in	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stadia	B-Application
's	O
head	O
of	O
engineering	O
Majd	O
Bakar	O
foresaw	O
the	O
future	O
possibility	O
of	O
using	O
such	O
a	O
concept	O
to	O
"[reduce]	O
latency	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
it	O
's	O
basically	O
nonexistent	O
"	O
,	O
referring	O
to	O
this	O
concept	O
as	O
"	O
negative	O
latency	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
