<s>
The	O
terms	O
closed	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
and	O
open	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
have	O
long	O
been	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
widely	O
(	O
and	O
long	O
before	O
any	O
sort	O
of	O
amplifier	O
was	O
invented	O
)	O
established	O
subject	O
of	O
thermodynamics	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
that	O
have	O
nothing	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
feedback	O
and	O
feedforward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
thermodynamics	O
,	O
an	O
open	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
is	O
one	O
that	O
can	O
take	O
in	O
and	O
give	O
out	O
ponderable	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
thermodynamics	O
,	O
a	O
closed	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
is	O
one	O
that	O
cannot	O
take	O
in	O
or	O
give	O
out	O
ponderable	O
matter	O
,	O
but	O
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
take	O
in	O
or	O
give	O
out	O
radiation	O
and	O
heat	O
and	O
work	O
or	O
any	O
form	O
of	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
thermodynamics	O
,	O
a	O
closed	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
further	O
restricted	O
,	O
by	O
being	O
'	O
isolated	O
 '	O
:	O
an	O
isolated	O
system	O
cannot	O
take	O
in	O
nor	O
give	O
out	O
either	O
ponderable	O
matter	O
or	O
any	O
form	O
of	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1993	O
paper	O
,	O
General	O
Systems	O
Theory	O
by	O
David	O
S	O
.	O
Walonick	O
,	O
Ph.D.	O
,	O
states	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
"	O
A	O
closed	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
is	O
one	O
where	O
interactions	O
occur	O
only	O
among	O
the	O
system	O
components	O
and	O
not	O
with	O
the	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
is	O
one	O
that	O
receives	O
input	O
from	O
the	O
environment	O
and/or	O
releases	O
output	O
to	O
the	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
characteristics	O
of	O
an	O
open	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
dynamic	O
interaction	O
of	O
its	O
components	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
a	O
cybernetic	O
model	O
is	O
the	O
feedback	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
can	O
tend	O
toward	O
higher	O
levels	O
of	O
organization	O
(	O
negative	O
entropy	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
closed	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
can	O
only	O
maintain	O
or	O
decrease	O
in	O
organization.	O
"	O
</s>
