<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
a	O
clone	B-General_Concept
is	O
hardware	B-Architecture
or	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
function	O
in	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
another	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
specific	O
subset	O
of	O
clones	B-General_Concept
are	O
remakes	B-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
remades	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
revivals	O
of	O
old	O
,	O
obsolete	O
,	O
or	O
discontinued	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clones	B-General_Concept
and	O
remakes	B-General_Concept
are	O
created	O
for	O
reasons	O
including	O
competition	O
,	O
standardization	O
,	O
availability	O
across	O
platforms	B-Device
,	O
and	O
as	O
homage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatibility	B-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
original	O
system	O
is	O
usually	O
the	O
explicit	O
purpose	O
of	O
cloning	O
hardware	B-Architecture
or	O
low-level	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
AROS	B-Application
and	O
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
are	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercially-motivated	O
clones	B-General_Concept
are	O
made	O
often	O
during	O
a	O
competitor	O
product	O
's	O
initial	O
successful	O
commercial	O
run	O
,	O
intentionally	O
competing	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
and	O
trying	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
their	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
IBM	O
announced	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
in	O
1981	O
,	O
other	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Compaq	O
decided	O
to	O
offer	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
PC	O
as	O
a	O
legal	O
reimplementation	O
from	O
the	O
PC	O
's	O
documentation	O
or	O
reverse	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
components	O
,	O
except	O
the	O
PC	O
's	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
were	O
publicly	O
available	O
,	O
all	O
Compaq	O
had	O
to	O
do	O
was	O
reverse-engineer	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
PC	O
clone	B-General_Concept
"	O
to	O
describe	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
computers	O
fell	O
out	O
of	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
;	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
machines	O
it	O
now	O
describes	O
are	O
simply	O
called	O
PCs	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
early	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
clone	B-General_Concept
"	O
usually	O
implied	O
a	O
higher	O
level	O
of	O
compatibility	B-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
original	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
than	O
"	O
PC-Compatible	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
(	O
often	O
Taiwanese	O
)	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
original	O
circuit	O
(	O
and	O
possibly	O
ROMs	O
)	O
the	O
most	O
compatible	O
(	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
software	O
they	O
would	O
run	O
and	O
hardware	B-Architecture
tests	O
they	O
would	O
pass	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
"	O
legitimate	O
"	O
new	O
designs	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sanyo	O
MBC-550	O
and	O
Data	B-Device
General/One	I-Device
,	O
while	O
not	O
infringing	O
on	O
copyrights	O
and	O
adding	O
innovations	O
,	O
tended	O
to	O
fail	O
some	O
compatibility	B-General_Concept
tests	O
strongly	O
dependent	O
upon	O
detailed	O
hardware	B-Architecture
compatibility	B-General_Concept
(	O
such	O
as	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Flight	I-Operating_System
Simulator	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
any	O
software	O
that	O
bypassed	O
the	O
standard	O
software	B-Device
interrupts	I-Device
and	O
directly	O
accessed	O
hardware	B-Architecture
at	O
the	O
expected	O
pre-defined	O
locations	O
,	O
or	O
—	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
MBC-550	O
for	O
example	O
—	O
wrote	O
diskettes	B-Device
which	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
directly	O
interchanged	O
with	O
standard	O
IBM	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
term	O
has	O
mostly	O
fallen	O
into	O
commercial	O
disuse	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
clone	B-General_Concept
for	O
PCs	O
still	O
applies	O
to	O
a	O
PC	O
made	O
to	O
entry-level	O
or	O
above	O
standard	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
it	O
was	O
made	O
)	O
which	O
bears	O
no	O
commercial	O
branding	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Acer	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
IBM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
See	O
also	O
White	B-General_Concept
box	I-General_Concept
(	O
computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
many	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
hardware	I-Operating_System
clones	I-Operating_System
due	O
to	O
the	O
popularity	O
and	O
longevity	O
of	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
for	O
hardware	B-Architecture
remakes	B-General_Concept
include	O
recent	O
home	O
computer	O
remakes	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
special	O
kind	O
of	O
hardware	B-Architecture
remakes	B-General_Concept
are	O
emulators	B-Application
which	O
implement	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
functionality	O
completely	O
in	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
WinUAE	B-Device
emulator	B-Application
software	O
tries	O
to	O
behave	O
exactly	O
like	O
a	O
physical	O
Amiga	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reasons	O
for	O
software	O
cloning	O
may	O
include	O
circumventing	O
undesirable	O
licensing	O
fees	O
,	O
acquiring	O
knowledge	O
about	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
or	O
creating	O
an	O
interoperable	O
alternative	O
for	O
an	O
unsupported	O
platform	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
was	O
motivated	O
by	O
a	O
need	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
for	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
composed	O
of	O
entirely	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
August	O
2012	O
,	O
Electronic	O
Arts	O
,	O
via	O
its	O
Maxis	O
division	O
,	O
put	O
forth	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
Zynga	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
its	O
Facebook	O
game	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Ville	I-Application
,	O
was	O
a	O
direct	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
EA	O
's	O
own	O
Facebook	O
game	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Sims	I-Application
Social	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lawsuit	O
challenges	O
that	O
The	B-Application
Ville	I-Application
not	O
only	O
copies	O
the	O
gameplay	O
mechanics	O
of	O
The	B-Application
Sims	I-Application
Social	I-Application
,	O
but	O
also	O
uses	O
art	O
and	O
visual	O
interface	O
aspects	O
that	O
appear	O
to	O
be	O
inspired	O
by	O
The	B-Application
Sims	I-Application
Social	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
software	O
cloning	O
include	O
the	O
ReactOS	B-Application
project	O
which	O
tries	O
to	O
clone	B-General_Concept
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
and	O
GNU	B-Language
Octave	I-Language
,	O
which	O
treats	O
incompatibility	O
with	O
MathWorks	O
MATLAB	B-Language
as	O
a	O
bug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
,	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
successful	O
concepts	O
and	O
games	O
have	O
been	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
influential	O
first-person	O
shooter	O
,	O
Doom	B-Application
,	O
led	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
genre	O
dubbed	O
as	O
Doom	B-Application
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
the	O
open	O
world	O
action-adventure	B-Application
Grand	B-Application
Theft	I-Application
Auto	I-Application
inspired	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
many	O
Grand	B-Application
Theft	I-Application
Auto	I-Application
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remakes	B-General_Concept
of	O
software	O
are	O
revivals	O
of	O
old	O
,	O
obsolete	O
,	O
or	O
discontinued	O
software	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
good	O
share	O
of	O
software	O
remakes	B-General_Concept
are	O
fangames	B-Application
of	O
computer	O
games	O
and	O
game	O
engine	O
recreation	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
fan	O
community	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
retrogaming	O
,	O
to	O
address	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
compatibility	B-General_Concept
issues	O
or	O
non-availability	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
shutdown	O
server	O
gets	O
substituted	O
with	O
a	O
server	B-Application
emulator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
2000s	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
increasing	O
number	O
of	O
commercial	O
remakes	B-General_Concept
of	O
classical	O
games	O
by	O
the	O
original	O
developer	O
or	O
publisher	O
for	O
current	O
platforms	B-Device
as	O
the	O
digital	O
distribution	O
lowers	O
the	O
investment	O
risk	O
for	O
niche	O
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
database	O
clone	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
complete	O
and	O
separate	O
copy	O
of	O
a	O
database	B-Application
system	I-Application
that	O
includes	O
the	O
business	O
data	O
,	O
the	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
software	O
and	O
any	O
other	O
application	O
tiers	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloning	O
is	O
a	O
different	O
kind	O
of	O
operation	O
to	O
replicate	B-Architecture
and	O
backup	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
that	O
the	O
cloned	O
environment	O
is	O
both	O
fully	O
functional	O
and	O
separate	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
clone	B-General_Concept
computing	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
replicating	O
a	O
session	O
on	O
a	O
host	O
computer	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	O
instance	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
,	O
has	O
been	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
their	O
PC	O
's	O
desktop	O
on	O
any	O
other	O
computing	O
device	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
tablet	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
running	O
any	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
WebOS	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
clone	B-General_Concept
computer	O
replicates	O
,	O
runs	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
always	O
available	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
remote	O
management	O
software	O
,	O
clone	B-General_Concept
computing	O
has	O
no	O
dependency	O
on	O
the	O
host	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cloned	O
drive	O
can	O
replace	O
the	O
original	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
simply	O
containing	O
backup	B-Protocol
copies	I-Protocol
of	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloning	O
software	O
replicates	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
drives	O
,	O
software	O
and	O
patches	O
of	O
one	O
computer	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
purposes	O
,	O
including	O
setting	O
up	O
multiple	O
computers	O
,	O
hard	O
drive	O
upgrades	O
,	O
and	O
system	O
recovery	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
disk	O
failure	O
or	O
corruption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
particularly	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
cloning	O
refers	O
to	O
object	O
copying	O
by	O
a	O
method	O
or	O
copy	O
factory	O
function	O
,	O
often	O
called	O
clone	B-General_Concept
or	O
copy	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
by	O
a	O
copy	B-Language
constructor	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloning	O
is	O
polymorphic	B-Application
,	O
in	O
that	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
being	O
cloned	O
need	O
not	O
be	O
specified	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
using	O
a	O
copy	B-Language
constructor	I-Language
,	O
which	O
requires	O
specifying	O
the	O
type	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
constructor	O
call	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
