<s>
Climate	B-Application
change	I-Application
scenarios	I-Application
or	O
socioeconomic	O
scenarios	O
are	O
projections	O
of	O
future	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
(	O
GHG	O
)	O
emissions	O
used	O
by	O
analysts	O
to	O
assess	O
future	O
vulnerability	O
to	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scientists	O
can	O
develop	O
separate	O
international	O
,	O
regional	O
and	O
national	O
climate	B-Application
change	I-Application
scenarios	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2007	O
)	O
compared	O
several	O
baseline	O
and	O
mitigation	B-Application
scenarios	I-Application
out	O
to	O
the	O
year	O
2030	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mitigation	B-Application
scenarios	I-Application
included	O
the	O
WEO	O
2006	O
Alternative	O
policy	O
,	O
ABARE	O
Global	O
Technology	O
and	O
ABARE	O
Global	O
Technology	O
+	O
CCS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emissions	O
for	O
the	O
mitigation	B-Application
scenarios	I-Application
were	O
34.1	O
for	O
the	O
IEA	O
WEO	O
2006	O
Alternative	O
Policy	O
scenario	O
,	O
51.7	O
for	O
the	O
ABARE	O
Global	O
Technology	O
scenario	O
,	O
and	O
49.5	O
for	O
the	O
ABARE	O
Global	O
Technology	O
+	O
CCS	O
scenario	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
distinguishes	O
national	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
from	O
other	O
climate	O
projections	O
is	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
officially	O
signed	O
off	O
by	O
the	O
national	O
government	O
,	O
thereby	O
being	O
the	O
relevant	O
national	O
basis	O
for	O
adaptation	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
distributed	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
product	O
,	O
climate	O
projections	O
condense	O
information	O
from	O
multiple	O
climate	B-Application
models	I-Application
,	O
using	O
multiple	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
emission	O
pathways	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
projections	O
are	O
updated	O
every	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
incorporate	O
new	O
scientific	O
insights	O
and	O
improved	O
climate	B-Application
models	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
illustrate	O
plausible	O
changes	O
to	O
a	O
country	O
's	O
climate	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
form	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
national	O
climate	O
adaptation	O
and	O
climate	O
resilience	O
plans	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
reported	O
to	O
UNFCCC	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
IPCC	O
assessments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
explore	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
plausible	O
climatic	O
outcomes	O
and	O
to	O
enhance	O
confidence	O
in	O
the	O
projections	O
,	O
national	B-Application
climate	I-Application
change	I-Application
projections	I-Application
are	O
often	O
generated	O
from	O
multiple	O
general	B-Application
circulation	I-Application
models	I-Application
(	O
GCMs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
spatial	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
GCMs	O
is	O
typically	O
quite	O
coarse	O
,	O
the	O
projections	O
are	O
often	O
downscaled	B-Application
,	O
either	O
dynamically	O
using	O
regional	B-Application
climate	I-Application
models	I-Application
(	O
RCMs	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
statistically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
countries	O
have	O
produced	O
their	O
national	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
with	O
feedback	O
and/or	O
interaction	O
with	O
stakeholders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interestingly	O
,	O
a	O
comparison	O
of	O
the	O
British	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
and	O
Swiss	O
climate	O
projections	O
revealed	O
distinct	O
national	O
preferences	O
in	O
the	O
way	O
stakeholders	O
were	O
engaged	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
how	O
the	O
climate	B-Application
model	I-Application
outputs	O
were	O
condensed	O
and	O
communicated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
30	O
countries	O
have	O
reported	O
national	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
/	O
scenarios	O
in	O
their	O
most	O
recent	O
National	O
Communications	O
to	O
United	O
Nations	O
Framework	O
Convention	O
on	O
Climate	O
Change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
are	O
widely	O
used	O
to	O
predict	O
climate	O
change	O
impacts	O
in	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
economic	O
sectors	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
to	O
inform	O
climate	O
change	O
adaptation	O
studies	O
and	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
detailed	O
comparison	O
between	O
some	O
national	B-Application
climate	I-Application
projections	I-Application
have	O
been	O
carried	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
researchers	O
who	O
found	O
that	O
projecting	O
effects	O
of	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
emissions	O
only	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
2100	O
,	O
as	O
widely	O
practiced	O
in	O
research	O
and	O
policy-making	O
,	O
is	O
short-sighted	O
modeled	O
RCPs	O
climate	B-Application
change	I-Application
scenarios	I-Application
and	O
their	O
effects	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
2500	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Climate	B-Application
change	I-Application
mitigation	I-Application
scenarios	I-Application
are	O
possible	O
futures	O
in	O
which	O
global	O
warming	O
is	O
reduced	O
by	O
deliberate	O
actions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
switch	O
to	O
energy	O
sources	O
other	O
than	O
fossil	O
fuels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
climate	O
scientists	O
are	O
increasingly	O
of	O
the	O
opinion	O
that	O
the	O
goal	O
should	O
be	O
a	O
complete	O
restoration	O
of	O
the	O
atmosphere	O
's	O
preindustrial	O
condition	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
too	O
protracted	O
a	O
deviation	B-General_Concept
from	O
those	O
conditions	O
will	O
produce	O
irreversible	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
stabilization	B-Application
wedge	I-Application
(	O
or	O
simply	O
"	O
wedge	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
action	O
which	O
incrementally	O
reduces	O
projected	O
emissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
originates	O
in	O
the	O
Stabilization	B-Application
Wedge	I-Application
Game	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
reference	O
unit	O
,	O
a	O
stabilization	B-Application
wedge	I-Application
is	O
equal	O
to	O
the	O
following	O
examples	O
of	O
mitigation	O
initiatives	O
:	O
deployment	O
of	O
two	O
hundred	O
thousand	O
10	O
MW	O
wind	O
turbines	O
;	O
completely	O
halting	O
the	O
deforestation	B-Application
and	O
planting	O
of	O
300	O
million	O
hectares	O
of	O
trees	O
;	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
average	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
buildings	O
by	O
25	O
percent	O
;	O
or	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
carbon	O
capture	O
and	O
storage	O
facilities	O
in	O
800	O
large	O
coal-fired	O
power	O
plants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pacala	O
and	O
Socolow	O
proposed	O
in	O
their	O
work	O
,	O
Stabilization	B-Application
Wedges	I-Application
,	O
that	O
seven	O
wedges	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
by	O
2050	O
–	O
at	O
current	O
technologies	O
–	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
significant	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
mitigation	O
of	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contributions	O
to	O
climate	O
change	O
,	O
whether	O
they	O
cool	O
or	O
warm	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
are	O
often	O
described	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
radiative	B-Algorithm
forcing	I-Algorithm
or	O
imbalance	O
they	O
introduce	O
to	O
the	O
planet	O
's	O
energy	O
budget	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
,	O
anthropogenic	O
carbon	O
dioxide	O
is	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
major	O
component	O
of	O
this	O
forcing	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
contribution	O
of	O
other	O
components	O
is	O
often	O
quantified	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
"	O
parts-per-million	O
carbon	O
dioxide	O
equivalent	O
"	O
(	O
ppm	O
CO2e	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
increment/decrement	O
in	O
carbon	O
dioxide	O
concentrations	O
which	O
would	O
create	O
a	O
radiative	B-Algorithm
forcing	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
same	O
magnitude	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scenario	O
also	O
features	O
,	O
after	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
participation	O
of	O
major	O
economies	O
such	O
as	O
China	B-Application
and	O
India	O
in	O
a	O
global	O
cap-and-trade	O
scheme	O
initially	O
operating	O
in	O
OECD	O
and	O
European	O
Union	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
multi-gas	O
mitigation	B-Application
scenarios	I-Application
have	O
been	O
modeled	O
by	O
Meinshausen	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
